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Anatomy Lecture > Chapter 20: Vessels & Circulation > Flashcards

Chapter 20: Vessels & Circulation Flashcards

0
Q

Bulk flow

A

Movement of large volumes of H2O & Solutes by osmosis but also by physical force on blood vessels

2 types: filtration & diffusion

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1
Q

Capillaries:

A

Exchange of gas, nutrients, wastes, & hormones through diffusion. Usually pinocytosis.

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2
Q

Filtration:

A

Bulk flow out of a blood vessel at origin or start of a capillary (near arteries)

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3
Q

Reabsorption:

A

Bulk flow into a blood vessel towards end of capillary

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4
Q

Bulk flow is determined by:

A

1) Hydrostatic Pressure
2) Interstitial Pressure
3) Colloid Osmotic Pressure

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5
Q

Hydrostatic Pressure:

A

Physical pressure of fluid on its structure

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6
Q

Interstitial Pressure:

A

Hydrostatic pressure of the interstitial fluid on the exterior of the blood vessel

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7
Q

Colloid Osmotic Pressure:

A

Pressure due to the movement of water. Which is determined by the amount of dissolved substances in the fluid (especially protein concentration)

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8
Q

Types of colloid pressure:

A

1) blood colloid osmotic pressure

2) interstitial colloid osmotic pressure

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9
Q

Blood colloid osmotic pressure:

A
  • lots of dissolved substances (esp. Proteins)

* opposite direction to the blood pressure

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10
Q

Interstitial colloid blood pressure:

A

Few proteins, very low

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11
Q

Net filtration pressure:

A

Difference in hydrostatic pressure & colloid osmotic pressure.

Determines filtration direction & quantity

NFP= (HPb + HPif) - (COPb-COPif)

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12
Q

Difference in hydrostatic pressure =

A

BP-IP

Ip is always very low=0

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13
Q

Difference in colloid osmotic pressure =

A

Bloop Cop - Interstitial Cop

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14
Q

If Net filtration pressure is +

A

= Filtration

Fluid moving out of blood vessels

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15
Q

If net filtration pressure is -

A

=reabsorption

Fluid moving into blood vessels

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16
Q

Difference in hydrostatic pressure of Arterial end of capillary:

A

*BP = 35 mm of Hg (mercury)
-
*IP = 0 mm of Hg (mercury)

Difference in hydrostatic pressure (HP) =35

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17
Q

Arterial end of capillary is:

A

Hypothetical because these values change depending on age & distance from Heart Rest vs. Active

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18
Q

Difference in colloid osmotic pressure at Arterial end of capillary:

A

*Blood colloid osmotic pressure = 26mm Hg
-
*Interstitial colloid osmotic pressure= 5 mm Hg

Difference in colloid osmotic pressure (cop) = 21 mm Hg

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19
Q

At Venous End of Capillary:

A

Blood moves from one end of the capillary to the other end

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20
Q

Net filtration at venous end of capillary:

A

*Difference in HP
BP=16 mm Hg
IP= 0mm Hg
16-0=16

*Difference in colloid osmotic pressure
BP=26 mm Hg
IP= 5 mm Hg
26-5=21

16-21=-5 mm Hg

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21
Q

How many miles of blood vessels?

A

600,000 miles of BV

We don’t have enough blood to fill all BV so body controls blood flow to areas that need it the most.

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22
Q

Local blood flow

A

Blood that is delivered to a specific region

Measured by perfusion

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23
Q

Goal of CV system:

A

Adequate perfusion for all tissues

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24
Q

Degree of vascularization

A

Amount of blood vessels in a given tissue

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25
Q

Angiogenesis

A

Process in which the body grows new blood vessels

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26
Q

Regression

A

Process by which the body disassembles unneeded blood vessels

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27
Q

Local regulator factors that alter blood flow:

A

Vasoactive chemicals

1) vasodilators
2) vasoconstrictors

28
Q

Vasodilators:

A

Dilate arterioles and relax precapillary sphincters

1) nitric oxide
2) elevated levels of carbon dioxide, H+/acidity of blood, K+

29
Q

Vasoconstrictors:

A

Constrict arterioles and close precapillary sphincters

1) prostaglandins & thromboxanes
- we’ve seen in action during hemostasis

30
Q

Blood pressure:

A

Force per unit area of blood on wall of BV

31
Q

Blood pressure gradient:

A

Difference in BP from 1 end of BV to the other

32
Q

Total blood flow resting:

A

= 5.25 L/min

33
Q

Arterial blood pressure:

A

Blood flow is pulsing in arteries due to ventricular contractions

Average in healthy individual = 120/80 mm Hg

Highest at ventricular systole, arteries are stretched = systolic pressure

Lowest at ventricular diastole, arteries recoil = diastolic pressure

34
Q

Systolic pressure

A

Arteries are stretched

35
Q

Diastolic pressure

A

Arteries recoil

36
Q

Pulse pressure:

A

The additional pressure on arteries when the heart is resting vs contracting

Measures elasticity and recoil of arteries

SP-DP =120-80 = 40 mm Hg

Highest closest to the heart

37
Q

High pulse pressure:

A

Means arteries are not elastic, not stretching due to atherosclerosis (clogging of arteries)

38
Q

Mean arterial pressure (MAP)

A

DP + PP/3

Describes how well the body is perfused. Need MAP of 70-110 mm Hg

Highest closest to the heart

39
Q

If Mean arterial pressure (MAP) is too high/low:

A

Too much perfusion= edema & kidney damage

Too low perfusion= inadequate perfusion

40
Q

Capillary blood pressure:

A

By the time blood reaches the capillaries–not pulsatile, no fluctuations between systole & diastole

41
Q

Capillary Blood pressure at arterial & venous ends:

A

Arterial end: 40 mm Hg

Venous end: 20 mm Hg

42
Q

Venous blood pressure:

A
  • not pulsatile
  • 20 mm Hg in venules & 0 mm Hg in veins

(BP is insufficient to move blood when standing–need valves in veins)

  • has two pumps that move blood in veins:
    1) skeletal muscle pumps in limbs
    2) respiratory pump in thoracic cavity
43
Q

Skeletal muscle pump

A
  • in the limbs

* as muscles contract, they squeeze the blood up the veins while valves prevent back flow

44
Q

Respiratory pump:

A
  • in thoracic cavity

* diaphragm contracts and relaxes increasing and decreasing pressure in both major ventral cavities

45
Q

Resistance:

A

The amount of friction the blood most overcome as it travels through the blood vessels

  • opposes blood flow
  • peripheral resistance–in BV not heart
46
Q

Factors affecting resistance:

A

1) blood viscosity
2) blood vessel length
3) vessel radius

47
Q

Blood viscosity:

A

Thickness of blood due to formed elements and plasma proteins.

  • Thicker= more friction
  • caused by Anemia, dehydration
48
Q

Blood vessel Length

A

*obesity creates need for longer vessels

49
Q

Vessel Radius

A

*narrower vessels have more friction

*in terms of friction:
arteries < arterioles < capillaries
–vasoconstriction/vasodilation can change that

50
Q

5 ways of neural regulation of blood pressure:

A

CV center of Medulla Oblongota

1) cardiac center
2) Vasomotor center
3) Baroreceptors
4) Chemoreceptors
5) High Brain Centers

51
Q

Cardiac Center:

A

speeds up/slows down HR and strength of contraction

     * cardioaccelatory center
     * cardioinhibatory center
52
Q

Cardioaccelatory Center:

A

Sympathetic pathways to SA node and myocardium

53
Q

Cardioinhibitory Center:

A

Parasympathetic pathways to SA node and AV node

54
Q

Vasomotor Center

A

Sympathetic pathways release E & NE

Which causes vasodilation in skeletal muscle & coronary vessels

Which caused vasoconstriction in most of the body ESPECIALLY in veins

Which causes:

1)increased peripheral resistance raises BP
2)larger circulating blood (shunted away by
most of the body)

55
Q

Baroreceptors:

A

Dendrites in tunica Externa that detects stretch in BV.

The firing rate increases when stretch increases (and vice versa)

1)in aorta to detect systematic BP
*send info back to CV center through vagus
nerve

2)in carotid to detect BP in head and neck
*send info back to CV through glossy
pharyngeal nerve

Low BP: more sympathetic signals increases
hearts contraction rate & strength

High BP: fewer parasympathetic signals
decrease info to more sympathetic
signals to increase vasoconstriction/
peripheral resistance

56
Q

Chemoreceptors

A

Detect high C02, low PH, and very low 02;both activate vasoconstriction

1) Aortic bodies in Aorta
2) Carotid body in Carotid Arteries

57
Q

Higher Brain Centers

A

Hypothalamus increased BT, exercise

58
Q

Hormonal regulation of blood pressure:

A

1) Renin-Angiotensin system

2) Atrial Natriuretic Peptide

59
Q

Renin-angiotensin system:

A

Low BP sensed by kidney or sympathetic stimulation

Kidneys release renin enzyme into blood

Renin converts angiotensinogen in blood to angiogenesin I.

Angiotensin I travels to the lung via blood

Angiotensin converting enzyme (ACE) mostly in lungs converts angiotensin I to angiotensin II.

60
Q

Angiotensin II’s effects/jobs:

A

1) powerful vasoconstrictor
2) stimulates thirst center
3) decreases urine output
4) signals release of aldosterone from adrenal cortex or anti diuretic hormone from posterior pituitary

61
Q

Aldosterone:

A

Increase absorption of Na & water in the kidney reducing fluid losses to maintain pressure

62
Q

Antidiuretic Hormone:

A

Hypothalamus detects, signals pituitary to release

increases water absorption in the kidney

Also stimulates thirst center

Can also cause vasoconstriction in large doses

63
Q

Atrial Natriuretic Peptide:

A

Released from the heart if too much stretch in walls of heart

Stimulates vasodilation

Increases urine output

64
Q

Baroceptor in Aorta:

A

detects systematic BP

*send info back to CV center through vagus 
 nerve
65
Q

Baroreceptor in carotid:

A

Detects BP in head and neck

  • sends info back to CV through
    glossopharyngeal nerve
66
Q

Low BP baroreceptor

A

More sympathetic signals increases hearts contraction rate & strength

67
Q

High BP baroreceptor

A

Fewer parasympathetic signals decrease info to more sympathetic signals to increase vasoconstriction/ peripheral resistance

68
Q

Blood hydrostatic pressure (BP)

A

hydrostatic pressure of the blood on the

interior wall of the blood vessel

Anatomy Lecture (3 decks)

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