Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM


Top Flashcards (Certified)
All Flashcards

Anatomy Lecture > Chapter 18 & 19 Blood > Flashcards

Chapter 18 & 19 Blood Flashcards

0
Q

Cardiovascular system locations (blood vessels)

A

Capillaries- exchange

Veins - carry blood to heart

Arteries- carry blood away from heart

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
1
Q

Cardiovascular system BLOOD functions:

A

1) transportation
- removes waste
- o2 & co2

2) Homeostasis (regulation)
- body temperature
- body ph
- fluid balance

3) Immune protection

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

Cardiovascular system characteristics of BLOOD:

A
  1. Volume (men’s= 5-6L/Women= 4-5L)
  2. Viscosity (4-5x thicker than h20)
  3. Blood PH ( 7.35-7.45) (slightly alkaline)
  4. Blood Temperature (38 Celsius/100.4 F)
  5. Color
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

Physical composition of Blood: (%)

A
  1. Formed elements (45%)

2. Plasma (55%)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

Formed Elements

A

(45%)

1) Erythrocytes (RBC) 44%: transports o2/co2

Both leukocyte & platelets =1%

2) Leukocyte (WBC): motile immune cells
3) Platelets: blood clotting = repair broken blood vessels

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

Plasma

A

55% =Extra cellular fluid of our blood

-92% H2o

-1% dissolved Solutes
(Na, nutrients,wastes,hormones)

-7% proteins

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

Actual hematocrit

A

% of blood = erythrocytes

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

Critical hematocrit

A

% of all formed elements

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

Plasma protein functions

A
  • transporters(fatty acids,iron, hormones)
  • proteins & Solutes control fluid level of blood
  • Helps keep H2o in blood
  • antibodies (y-shaped, binds to foreign substances)
  • clotting factors
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

Types of proteins in plasma and their %

A

1) albumin= 58%

  • transporters (fatty acids, hormones)
  • proteins & Solutes help control fluid level of blood

2) globulins= 37%
- Alpha: transports lipids
- Beta: transports iron
- Gamma: antibodies

3) Fibrinogen= 4% (clotting factor)
4) regulatory hormones/enzymes = 1%

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

Leukocyte

A

Motile immune cells

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

Diapedisis

A

Immune cells travel In blood, when activated they squeeze out of blood vessel to the site where needed

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

Chemotaxis

A

Move towards specific chemicals

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

Types of leukocytes

A

1)Granulocytes

  • neutrophil
  • Eosinophils
  • Basophils

2) Agranulocytes

  • lymphocyte
  • monocytes
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

Granulocytes

A

Neutrophil

Eosinophils

Basophils

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

Agranulocytes

A

Lymphocyte

Monocytes

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

Neutrophil

A

(Cytoplasm contains neutral colored granules)

(50-70% of leukocytes)

1) first responder to infection
2) pale granules in cytoplasm
3) multilobed nucleus
4) in our puss

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

Eosinophils

A

(1-4% of leukocytes) (red/pink granules)

(Phagocytize: antibody-antigen complexes)

1) allergens will eat
2) bilobed nucleus

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

Basophils

A

(0.5%-1% of leukocytes)

1) blue granules
2) bilobed nucleus
3) make heparin & histamine

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

Heparin

A
  • Anticoagulant (prevents blood clotting)
  • Brings more leukocytes to site of infection
  • inactivates thrombin
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

Histamine

A

Recruit/signal for more leukocytes

runny nose, watery eyes

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

Lymphocytes

A

(20-40% of leukocytes) (large nucleus)

Types:

1) Natural killers: killing abnormal cells in body
2) B lymphocyte: make our antibodies/gamma globulins) (mature bone marrow)
3) T lymphocyte: manage a direct immune response) (thymus)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

Natural killer cells

A

Killing abnormal cells in the body

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
23
Q

B lymphocyte

A

make our antibodies/gamma globulins) (mature bone marrow)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
24
Q

T lymphocyte

A

Manage a direct immune response (thymus)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
25
Q

Monocytes

A

(2-8 % of leukocyte)

10-12 days in blood & then leave blood stream in macrophage

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
26
Q

Hemopoesis

A

All formed elements in blood

Types:

Erythrocytes = erythropoiesis     
Leukocytes= leukopoiesis          
Platelets= thrombopoiesis

(ALL signaled by growth factors or hormones)

27
Q

Albumin

A

58% of proteins

  • transporters (fatty acids, iron, hormones)
  • proteins & Solutes help control fluid level of blood)
28
Q

Globulins

A

37% of proteins

  • Alpha ,Beta, Gamma
29
Q

Alpha Globulins

A

Transports lipids

30
Q

Beta Globulins

A

Transports iron

31
Q

Gamma Globulins

A

Antibodies

32
Q

Growth factor

A

Signaling molecule that binds to receptors, changes the transcript ion & translation to make new proteins which cause growth & maturation of certain cells.

33
Q

Multi-CSF

A

(Multi-colony-stimulating factor)

Goes to:

  • erythropoiesis
  • thrombopoiesis
  • leukopoiesis
34
Q

G-CSF

A

Granulocyte-colony-stimulating factor

Goes to:

-granulocyte & monocytes

35
Q

Hemocytoblast

A

1) Pluripotent cells
- ->can become many different cells

2) two different lines for blood cell development
- ->Myeloid Cell & Lymphoid Cell

36
Q

Lymphoid Cell in leukopoiesis

A

1) Natural killer cells
2) B lymphocyte
3) T lymphocyte

37
Q

GM-CSF

A

Granulocyte-macrophage colony-stimulating factor

  • basophils
  • eosinophils
  • neutrophils
38
Q

Erythropoiesis

A

Starts at Myeloid cell (multi-CSF)

  • ->proerythroblast (EPO=erythropoietin senses O2)
  • ->Erythroblast (starts making hemoglobin)
  • ->normoblast (keeps making hemoglobin) (nucleus ejected)
  • ->reticulocytes (hemoglobin & ribosomes in blood stream)
  • ->Erythrocytes = bag of hemoglobin
39
Q

Thrombopoiesis

A

Starts at Myeloid Cell (multi-CSF) (liver/spleen)

–>Megakarytocyte

(Largest of blood cells)
(sits outside endothelium)
(long arm like extension protrude through and break off becoming platelets)

–>platelets

40
Q

Leukopoiesis in Myeloid cell

A

GM-CSF

–>G-CSF–>Granulocytes
(Eosinophils, Basophils, neutrophils)

–>M-CSF –>Monocytes

41
Q

Hemoglobin

A

*quaternary Structure
-4 polypeptides
(2 alpha/2 beta) which contain a chemical group called Heme.

42
Q

Heme Group

A

Heme group is a Chemical group that holds onto iron (fe) & Iron holds molecule of oxygen weakly to deliver to tissue

43
Q

Erythrocytes

A

(Giant bag of hemoglobin)

  • -> have 280 million hemoglobin
  • -> short life span (120 days)
44
Q

Dead Erythrocytes

A

In liver/spleen due to macrophages which break down into:

  1. Globulin–> amino Acids
  2. Heme–>bilirubin enters small intestine as part of livers bile–>brown poop
  3. Iron (fe)–>bind to a protective protein transferrin to recycle into more RBC
45
Q

Hemostasis

A

Process which a blood vessel is sealed up

46
Q

Normal Blood vessel characteristics

A

Lumen : Hole through which blood flows

Endothelium: simple squamous epithelium
—>covered in a eicosanoid called prostacyclin

smooth muscle: (vasoconstriction/vasodilation)

47
Q

Prostacyclin

A

Prevents abnormal coagulation of our platelets

48
Q

Stimulus of hemostasis

A

Broken blood vessel

not smooth, exposed muscle cells & collagen fibers

49
Q

Hemostasis steps:

A
  1. Vascular Spasm phase
  2. Platelet plug phase
  3. Coagulation phase
50
Q

Vascular spasm phase

A
  • ->Smooth muscle vasoconstricting to limit blood loss
  • ->endothelial cells were expressing Eicosanoid (prostacyclin)
  • stop expressing prostacyclin
  • start expressing chemicals: smooth muscle contraction
51
Q

Platelet plug phase

A

(Exposed Connective Tissue due to damage)

  • exposed collagen fibers bind to a protein called the Von willebrand factor
  • the Von willebrand factor binds to platelets
  • platelets change shape & become sticky to form the platelet plug
  • platelets secrete ADP & Thromboxane

(ADP recruits more platelets)
(Thromboxane A2 prolong vascular spasms)

52
Q

Coagulation signaling cascade

A
  1. Products of the first enzyme become the reactants of the second.
  2. Several steps ] more than 1 place to regulate
  3. Enzymes –> signaling can be massive
53
Q

Coagulation phase

A

Intrinsic pathway
*stimulus= damage to inside of blood vessels

Extrinsic pathway
*stimulus=damage to outside of blood vessels

54
Q

Intrinsic pathway

A

(12-11-9-8–>10)

  1. Platelets release factor XII (12)
  2. Factor XII converts inactive XI (11) to Active XI
  3. Factor XI converts inactive IX (9) to Active IX
  4. Factor IX binds to Ca2 & platelet factor 3 that converts inactive factor VIII (8) to Active factor VIII
  5. Factor VIII converts inactive factor X (10) to Active Factor X
55
Q

Extrinsic Pathway

A
  1. Damaged tissue releases thromboplastin binding with factor VII & Ca2
  2. converting inactive X to active factor X.
  3. Factor X binds to Factor II, factor V, Ca2, & platelet factor 3 to form a prothrombin Activator
  4. Prothrombin Activator activates Thrombin
  5. Soluble fibrinogen converts to insoluble fibrin

Final Step: Factor XIII (13) forms cross link Fibrin creating a net to trap RBC, WBC, & platelets

56
Q

Hemophilia

A

Genetic disease (error in gene make factor VIII)

57
Q

Coumadin (warfarin)

A

Inhibits the livers synthesis of:

Factor II, V, VII, IX, X

58
Q

Similarities in cardiac & skeletal

A

Striations

  - sarcomeres, z discs, etc.
  - cross bridge cycling
59
Q

How the Action potential travels in cardiac & skeletal:

A

*skeletal=initiated by a nervous system
*cardiac=AP travels through intercalated
discs (gap junctions)

60
Q

Shape of cardiac & skeletal

A
  1. Shape of cell
    * cardiac=short/branched
    * skeletal=long/unbranched/many nuclei
61
Q

Cardiac cells Always need:

A

cardiac cells always need lots of energy & use aerobic respiration, glucose, fatty acids, lactate, and ketone bodies

62
Q

Involuntary vs voluntary/motor system of cardiac & skeletal :

A

Cardiac= involuntary
*autonomic motor system
-sympathetic= speeds up heart rate
-parasympathetic=lowers heart rate
(Both controlled by medulla)

Skeletal=voluntary
*somatic motor system

63
Q

Calcium location/location of pumps & channels

A

Myofibers: SR–> Ca pumps, channels
Cardiac: 70% calcium pumped into SR
30% calcium is pumped out of cells

(Pumps & channel in SR & plasma membrane)

64
Q

Resting length of cardiac & skeletal

A

Myofibers: Length at which the Actin & Myosin
overlapped to create the maximal #
of cross bridges through out the
contraction.
(@ rest = muscles not contracting)

Cardiac: when blood has stretched out of the
chambers of the heart.

Anatomy Lecture (3 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2025 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions