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Anatomy & Physiology II > Chapter 20: The Heart > Flashcards

Chapter 20: The Heart Flashcards

1
Q

The systemic circuit

A

carries blood to and from gas exchange surfaces of the body.

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2
Q

Systemic:

A

carries oxygenated blood from heart to all tissues in body except lungs and returns deoxygenated blood carry waste products back to heart

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3
Q

The pulmonary cirucit

A

carries blood to and from gas exchange surfaces of the lungs

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4
Q

What are the three types of blood vessels:

A

-arteries
-veins
-capillaries

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5
Q

Arteries

A

carry blood AWAY from heart

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6
Q

Veins

A

carry blood TO heart

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7
Q

Capillaries

A

-aka exchange vessels

networks BETWEEN arteries and veins where exchange materials between blood and tissues

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8
Q

Where is the ONLY natural place where things move in/out of the bloodstream?

A

capillaries

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9
Q

4 chambers of the heart:

A

-left atrium
-left ventricle
-right atrium
-right ventricle

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10
Q

Left atrium

A

collects blood from pulmonary circuit

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11
Q

Left ventricle

A

pumps blood to systemic circuit

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12
Q

Right atrium

A

collects blood from systemic circuit

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13
Q

Right ventricle

A

pumps blood to pulmonary circuit

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14
Q

Where is the heart located?

A

located directly behind the sternum

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15
Q

The heart is surrounded by:

A

pericardial sac

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16
Q

Parietal pericardium

A

outer layer that forms inner layer of the pericardial sac

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17
Q

visceral pericardium

A

inner layer of pericardium AKA epicardium

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18
Q

Pericardial cavity

A

between parietal and visceral layers and contains pericardial fluid

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19
Q

pericardial sac

A

surrounds and stabilizes heart

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20
Q

pericarditis

A

infection of the pericardium where fluid collects around the heart and may create scratching sound

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21
Q

auricle

A

ear-shaped flaps of tissue that project from the atria, or upper chambers, of the heart

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22
Q

Coronary sulcus

A

divides atria and ventricles

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23
Q

Anterior and posterior interventricular sulci

A

separates left and right ventricles and contain blood vessels of cardiac muscle

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24
Q

Epicardium layer:

A

outer

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25
Myocardium layer:
middle
26
Endocardium layer:
inner
27
Serous membrane of the epicardium:
-exposed mesothelium -areolar connective tissue
28
Myocardium
muscular wall of the heart that forms atria and ventricles and contains concentric layers of cardiac muscle tissue, blood vessels, and nerves
29
Superficial ventricular muscles:
surround ventricles
30
Deep ventricular muscles:
spiral around and between ventricles
31
Cardiac muscle cells:
-connected by intercalated discs -secured by desmosomes -linked by gap junctions -convey force of contraction -propagate action potentials
32
Characteristics of cardiac muscle cells
-small size -single, central nucleus -branching interconnections between cells -intercalated discs
33
Interatrial septum
separates atria
34
interventricular septum
separates ventricles
35
Vena cava
delivers systemic circulation to right atrium
36
Superior vena cava
receives blood from head, neck, upper limbs, and chest
37
inferior vena cava
receives blood from trunk, viscera, and lower limbs
38
Coronary veins
return blood to coronary sinus
39
Coronary sinus
opens into right atrium
40
Foramen ovale
an opening through interatrial septum that connects the two atria and seals off at birth forming the FOSSA OVALIS
41
Pectinate muscles
contain prominent muscular ridges located on anterior atrial wall and inner surfaces of the right auricle (allow muscle to squeeze)
42
Cusp
fibrous flaps that form bicuspid and tricuspid valves
43
chordae tendineae
fibrous cords that play a crucial role in the function of the heart valves
44
Right atrioventricular valve
-also called tricuspid valve -opening from right atrium to right ventricle -prevents backflow
45
Trabeculae carneae
muscular ridges on internal surface of right ventricle and includes moderator band
46
Right ventricle wall is:
-thinner and develops less pressure than left -pouch-shaped
47
Left ventricle shape:
more round
48
Semilunar valves
-pulmonary and aortic tricuspid valves -prevent backflow from pulmonary trunk and aorta into ventricles -has no muscle support
49
Aortic sinuses
-at base of ascending aorta -prevent valve cusps from sticking to aorta -origin of right and left coronary arteries
50
Carditis
-inflammation of the heart -can result in valvular heart disease
51
Coronary circulation
-through coronary arteries and cardiac veins -supplies blood to muscle tissue of heart
52
Right coronary artery supplies blood to:
-right atrium -portions of both ventricles -cells of SA and AV nodes -marginal arteries -posterior interventricular artery
53
Left coronary artery supplies blood to:
-left ventricle -left atrium -interventricular septum
54
2 main branches of left coronary artert:
-circumflex artery -anterior interventricular artery
55
Great cardiac vein
drains blood from area of anterior interventricular artery into coronary sinus
56
Anterior cardiac vein
empties into right atrium
57
Posterior cardiac vein
empty into cardiac vein or coronary sinus
58
what are the two types of cardiac muscle cells
-conducting system -contractile system
59
Conducting system
-controls and coordinates heartbeat -initiates and distributes electrical impulses that stimulate contraction
60
Contractile cells
produces contractions
61
The cardiac cycle begins with:
action potential at sinoatrial (SA) node
62
True of False: Cardiac muscle tissue contracts automatically.
TRUE
63
Structures of the conducting system:
-sinoatrial (SA) node -atrioventricular (AV) node -conducting cells
64
Impulse conduction: step 1
SA node activity and atrial activation begin time = 0
65
Impulse conduction: step 2
stimulus spreads across the atrial surface and reaches the AV node time = 50 msec
66
Impulse conduction: step 3
there is a 100 msec delay at the AV node. Atrial contraction begins time = 150 msec
67
Impulse conduction: step 4
the impulse travels along the interventricular septum within the AV bundle and the bundle branches to the purkinje fibers via the moderator band, and to the papillary muscles of the right ventricle
68
Impulse conduction: step 5
the impulse is distributed by purkinje fibers and related throughout the ventricular myocardium. Atrial contraction is completed, and ventricular contraction begins
69
AV bundle
-located in the septum -carries impulses to left and right bundle branches
70
Purkinje fibers
distribute impulse through ventricles
71
Systole
contraction
72
Diastole
relaxation
73
Blood pressure rises:
during systole
74
Blood pressure falls:
during diastole
75
4 phases of the cardiac cycle
-atrial systole -atrial diastole -ventricular systole -ventricular diastole
76
When the heart rate increases:
all phases of cardiac cycle shorten, particularly diastole
77
Cardiac cycle step 1:
-Atrial contraction begins -right and left AV valves open
78
Cardiac cycle step 2:
atria eject blood into ventricles
79
Cardiac cycle step 3:
atrial systole ends; AV valves close
80
Cardiac cycle step 4:
isovolumetric ventricular contraction
81
Cardiac cycle step 5:
ventricular ejection occurs
82
Cardiac cycle step 6:
semilunar valves close
83
Cardiac cycle step 7:
isovolumeric relaxation occurs
84
Cardiac cycle step 8:
AV valves open; passive atrial filling occurs
85
Heart failure
lack of adequate blood flow to peripheral tissues and organs due to ventricular damage
86
S1 heart sound:
-loud -produced by AV valves
87
S2 heart sound:
-loud -produced by semilunar valves
88
S3 & S4 sounds:
-soft sounds -blood flow into ventricles and atrial contraction

Anatomy & Physiology II (2 decks)

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