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Anatomy & Physiology II > Chapter 19: Blood > Flashcards

Chapter 19: Blood Flashcards

1
Q

What is included in the circulatory system?

A

-the heart
-blood vessels
-blood

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2
Q

what is the main function of the cardiovascular system?

A

to transport materials to and from the cells such as oxygen, carbon dioxide and nutrients

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3
Q

Blood

A

specialized fluid of connective tissue that contains cells suspended in a fluid matrix

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4
Q

what are the 4 functions of blood?

A

-transportation of dissolved substances
-regulation of pH and ions
-restriction of fluid losses at injury sites
-defense against toxins and pathogens
-stabilization of body temperature

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5
Q

2 function of the blood:

A

regulation of pH and ions :
-adding or subtracting by diffusion with interstitial fluid
-absorbs and neutralizes acids such as lactic acid from skeletal muscle

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6
Q

3 function of the blood:

A

restriction of fluid losses at injury site through clotting

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7
Q

4 function of the blood:

A

defense against toxins and pathogens through WBC

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8
Q

5 function of the blood:

A

stabilization of body temp through heat loss/heat retention

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9
Q

Whole blood is comprised of:

A

plasma and formed elements (cells and cell fragments)

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10
Q

Plasma

A

made mostly of water
-dissolved plasma proteins present
-nutrients/ions present
-similar to and exchanges fluids with interstitial fluid

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11
Q

What are the three types of formed elements?

A

-red blood cells (RBC)
-white blood cells (WBC)
-platelets (thrombocytes)

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12
Q

Red blood cells (erythrocytes)

A

transport oxygen

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13
Q

White blood cells (leukocytes)

A

are part of the immune system

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14
Q

Platelets (thrombocytes)

A

cell fragments involved in clotting

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15
Q

Hemopoiesis

A

the process of producing formed elements from myeloid and lymphoid cells

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16
Q

Fractionation

A

separation of whole blood for clinical analysis

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17
Q

3 general characteristics of blood

A

-38 or 100.4 degrees is normal temp
-high viscosity
-slightly alkaline pH

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18
Q

Blood makes up what percentage of body weight?

A

7%

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19
Q

Adult males have how many liters of blood?

A

5-6

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20
Q

Adult females have how many liters of blood?

A

4-5

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21
Q

Plasma makes up:

A

50-60% of blood volume

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22
Q

What materials are exchanged across capillary walls:

A

-water
-ions
-small nutrients

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23
Q

What are the main differences between plasma and interstitial fluid?

A

-the levels of O2 and CO2
-plasma proteins are too big to pass through capillary walls

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24
Q

What are the three classes of plasma proteins?

A

-albumins
-globulins
-fibrinogens

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25
Albumins:
transport substances such as fatty acids, thyroid hormones, and steroid hormones
26
Fibrinogens:
make up the fibrin network and assist in clotting -produce fibrin
27
Globulins:
are antibodies aka immunoglobulins
28
What is the other 1% of plasma comprised of?
changing quantities of specialized plasma proteins, enzymes, hormones, and prohormones
29
Where is plasma made?
the liver
30
RBCs make up what % of blood's formed elements?
99.9%
31
RBC count:
the # of RBCs in 1 microliter of whole blood
32
Hematocrit
packed cell volume: the % if RBCs in centrifuged whole blood
33
RBC structure:
small, highly specialized disk that is thin in the middle and thicker around the edge
34
What is the lifespan of RBCs?
120 days
35
Hemoglobin
the main component that transports respiratory gases
36
Hemoglobin structure:
complex and quaternary structure
37
Fetal hemoglobin:
strong form of HGB found in embryo/fetus that takes oxygen from mother's HGB at the placenta
38
carbaminohemoglobin
a compound of hemoglobin and carbon dioxide
39
Anemia:
low HCT or HGB -multifactorial
40
Recycling RBCs
macrophages of liver, spleen, and bone marrow monitor and engulf RBCs before their membranes rupture
41
Hemoglobinuria
HGB breakdown products in urine due to excess hemolysis in blood stream
42
Hematuria
whole red blood cells in urine due to kidney or tissue damage
43
Hemoglobin recycling
phagocytes break hemoglobin down
44
Biliverdin
a green pigment found in bile that is produced when hemoglobin breaks down -converted to bilirubin
45
Bilirubin
yellow bile excreted by the liver -can cause jaundice if built up
46
Erythropoiesis
-RBC formation -occurs in red bone marrow
47
Hemocytoblasts
stem cells in bone marrow that divide into myeloid or lymphoid stem cells
48
RBC maturation Day 4
ejection of the nucleus happens
49
RBC maturation days 5-7
cell becomes reticulocyte
50
Building red blood cells requires:
-amino acids -iron -vitamins B12, B6, and folic acid
51
Pernicious anemis
low RBC production due to low B12
52
Erythropoietin (EPO)
produced in the kidneys and tells body to make more blood
53
Surface antigens
cell surface proteins that identify cells to immune system (triggers immune response)
54
What are the 4 blood types?
A, B, AB, O
55
Rh factor
either positive or negative
56
Sensitized Rh- blood
when someone with Rh-negative blood is exposed to Rh-positive blood and develops antibodies against the Rh-positive blood
57
Erythroblastosis fetalis
a blood disorder that occurs when a mother and baby have incompatible blood types
58
Cross-reaction
transfusion reaction
59
WBCs
also called leukocytes -do not have hemoglobin -have nuclei and other organelles
60
WBC funtions
-defend against pathogens -remove toxins and wastes -attack abnormal cells
61
WBC movement
most WBCs live in connective tissue proper and lymphatic system organs
62
Circulating WBCs
migrate out of the bloodstream with gliding movements
63
What are the 5 types of WBCs?
-neutrophils -eosinophils -basophils -monocytes -lymphocytes
64
Neutrophils
most populous WBC ~50-70% -have 10 hour life span -have dense, 2-5 segment nucleus
65
True of False: Neutrophils are the first to attack bacteria.
TRUE
66
True of False: Neutrophils contribute to local inflammation and form pus.
TRUE
67
Eosinophils
make up 2-4% circulating WBC's -have a 2-lobed nucleus -attack large parasites and toxic compounds
68
Eosinophil actions:
-sensitive to allergens -control inflammation with enzymes that counteract inflammation caused by neutrophils
69
Basophils
-make up less than 1% of circulating WBCs -very small -migrate to site via capallaries
70
Histamie
dilates blood vessels
71
Heparin
prevents blood from clotting and enhances inflammation
72
Monocytes
-2-8% circulating WBCs -large and spherical -larger, kidney like nucleus -become macrophages after 24 hrs
73
Macrophage actions:
-engulf large particles and pathogens -secrete substances that attract immune system cells and fibroblasts to injured area
74
Lymphocytes
-20-30% circulating WBCs -small, but larger than RBC -large, round nucleus with thin cytoplasmic halo
75
Lymphocyte actions:
part of the body's defense system of: -T cells -B cells Natural Killer (NK) cells
76
T cells
-cell-mediated immunity -attack foreign cells directly -coordinates immune response
77
B cells
differentiate into plasma cells
78
Natural Killer Cells
immune surveillance -detect and destroy abnormal tissue cells such as cancers
79
Leukopenia
abnormally low WBC
80
Leukocytosis
abnormally high WBC
81
Leukemia
extremely high WBC
82
WBC production:
all WBC originate from hemocytoblasts
83
Hemocytoblasts
produce myeloid and lymphoid stem cells
84
Myeloid stem cells
differentiate into progenitor cells which produce all WBCs except lymphocytes
85
Lymphocytes
produced by lymphocytes through lyphopoeises
86
WBCs except ___ develop fully in the bone marrow.
Monocytes
87
Monocytes develop into:
macrophages in peripheral tissue
88
Platelets
cell fragments involved in clotting
89
Platelet circulation:
circulate for 9-12 days removed by phagocytosis in spleen
90
Thrombocytopenis
abnormally low PLTS
91
Thrombocytosis
abnormally high PLTS
92
What are the 3 functions of PLTS?
-release important clotting chemicals -temporarily path damaged vessel walls -actively contract tissue after clot formation
93
Thrombocytopoeisis
production of PLTS in the bone marrow
94
Megakaryocytes
-giant cells -manufacture plts from cytoplasm -produces 4k plts each
95
What are the 3 phases in cessation of bleeding?
-Vascular phase -platelet phase -coagulation phase
96
Vascular phase
a cut triggers vascular spasm (30 min contraction)
97
3 Steps of vascular phase?
-endothelial cells contract -endothelial cells release local hormones/chemical factors -endothelial cell membranes seals off blood flow
98
Platelet phase
-begins within 15 seconds of injury
99
Platelet adhesion
PLTS stick to endothelial surfaces, basal laminae, or exposed collagen fibers
100
Platelet aggregation
form platelet plug that closes small breaks
101
Prostacyclin
released by endothelial cells that inhibits platelet aggregation
102
Coagulation phase
-begins 30 seconds or more after injury
103
Extrinsic pathway
-begins inside the vessel wall -damaged cells release TF that activates factor X (10)
104
Intrinsic pathway
-begins with circulating proenzymes within bloodstream -PLTS release factor X
105
Common pathway
-enzymes activate factor X -prothrombinase formed -prothrombin converted to thrombin -thrombin converts fibrinogen to fibrin -positive feedback loop created to accelerate clotting
106
True of False: calcium ions and vitamin K are both essential to the clotting process.
TRUE
107
Fibrinolysis
slow process of dissolving clot
108
Plasminogen
produces plasmin that digests fibrin strands

Anatomy & Physiology II (2 decks)

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