Chapter 20: Life in the Industrial Age OVERVIEW

Question 1

Michael Faraday

Answer 1

knew that electricity could produce magnetism; discovered that by moving a magnet through a coil of wire he would generate an electric current

Question 2

dynamo

Answer 2

electric generator that transformed mechanical power (from a steam engine or by waterpower) into electrical energy; generated power in factories

Question 3

Thomas Edison

Answer 3

did not invent the first electric lightbulbs, but invent one that would glow for days; developed a successful central powerhouse and transmission system

Question 4

Alexander Graham Bell

Answer 4

sent the human voice over a long distance through the means of an electrical current; patented the telephone in 1876

Question 5

Guglielmo Marconi

Answer 5

developed a way for messages to be sent through space without wires; based his invention on the work of Maxwell and Hertz; invented the wireless telegraph, which was very valuable in ship-to-ship and ship-to-shore communication; sent the first wireless message across the Atlantic Ocean in 1901

Question 6

Henry Ford

Answer 6

produced the first commercially successful automobile, the Model T, manufactured in the assembly line; did NOT built the first successful gasoline-driven automobile in the United States

Question 7

Wilbur and Orville Wright (the Wright brothers)

Answer 7

the first people to succeed in flying a powered airplane (heavier-than-air) in sustained, controlled flight; studied aerodynamics; used the internal combustion engine to propel their plane

Question 8

aerodynamics

Answer 8

the principles governing the movement of air around objects

Question 9

biological sciences

Answer 9

include biology and genetics; deal with living organisms, as does medicine

Question 10

physical sciences

Answer 10

include astronomy, geology, physics, and chemistry; deal with the properties of energy and inanimate matter

Question 11

Rudolf Virchow

Answer 11

German scientist who expanded cell theory; showed that disease in living organisms was caused by changes in cells; concluded that every new cell must come from older cells

Question 12

evolution

Answer 12

development through change, particularly how modern plants and animals had developed from common ancestors long ago

Question 13

Jean-Baptiste Lamarck

Answer 13

French biologist who suggested that living things changed their form in response to their environment; his theory was later largely disproved; nonetheless it influenced Darwin to develop his own theory

Question 14

Charles Darwin

Answer 14

published his theory of evolution in the book On the Origin of Species by Means of Natural Selection; was influenced by the ideas of Lamarck and Malthus; reasoned that in any generation, the fittest will survive, aka natural selection

Question 15

genetics

Answer 15

founded by Gregor Mendel, this is the study of the ways in which the inborn characteristics of plants and animals are inherited by their descendents

Question 16

Edward Jenner

Answer 16

English physician who investigated smallpox in the late 1700s, leading him to develop a vaccine effective against smallpox, utilizing cowpox

Question 17

Louis Pasteur

Answer 17

French chemist who identified bacteria; discovered the process of pasteurization

Question 18

pasteurization

Answer 18

a process of heating liquids to kill bacteria and prevent fermentation

Question 19

antisepsis

Answer 19

the process of killing disease-causing germs

Question 20

Joseph lister

Answer 20

English surgeon who developed antisepsis, utilizing carbolic acid, which reduced bacterial infection in surgery, childbirth, and the treatment of battle wounds

Question 21

Robert Koch

Answer 21

German physician who isolated the germ that causes tuberculosis, Asiatic cholera, as well as developed sanitary measures to prevent disease

Question 22

Sir Alexander Fleming

Answer 22

of Great Britain, discovered penicillin in 1928

Question 23

John Dalton

Answer 23

English chemist and schoolteacher who was the first to obtain convincing experimental data about the atom; outlined a method for “weighing” atoms

Question 24

Dmitry Mendeleyev

Answer 24

Russian chemist, who in 1869, produced the first workable classification of the elements; a modified version of his periodic table of elements is used today

Question 25

Wilhelm C. Rontgen

Answer 25

discovered rays that penetrated many substances and could leave an image on a photo graphic plate, called them X-rays

Question 26

J. J. Thomson

Answer 26

English physicist who discovered the electron, found that an electron was more than 1,000 times lighter than the smallest known atom

Question 27

Pierre and Marie Curie

Answer 27

a French husband-and-wife team of chemists who provided new evidence that atoms were not plainly simple and indivisible particles; experimented with uranium and radium and found that they constantly disintegrated and released energy on their own; discovered radioactivity

Question 28

radioactivity

Answer 28

atoms that constantly disintegrate and release energy

Question 29

Ernest Rutherford

Answer 29

of Great Britain; discovered the nucleus of the atom and the positively-charged porton

Question 30

Max Planck

Answer 30

German physicist who disproved that energy was continuous and could divided into any number of smaller units; proved that energy could only be released in definite quanta

Question 31

quantum in the quantum theory

Answer 31

the Latin word for “how much,” this denote the definite “packages,” in which Planck proved that energy would only be released in

Question 32

Albert Einstein

Answer 32

extraordinary young German scientist, who in 1905 published four papers that revolutionized physics; described the nature of light; developed the special theory of relativity; developed the equation e = mc^2, in which energy equals mass multiplied by the speed of light squared; overturned ideas of Isaac Newton as well as declared that all events occur in a fourth dimension, time

Question 33

special theory of relativity

Answer 33

conduced that no particle of matter can move faster than the speed of light; maintained that motion can only be measured relative to the observer (no true absolute motion, space, or time)