Chapter 20: Life in the Industrial Age OVERVIEW Flashcards
Michael Faraday
knew that electricity could produce magnetism; discovered that by moving a magnet through a coil of wire he would generate an electric current
dynamo
electric generator that transformed mechanical power (from a steam engine or by waterpower) into electrical energy; generated power in factories
Thomas Edison
did not invent the first electric lightbulbs, but invent one that would glow for days; developed a successful central powerhouse and transmission system
Alexander Graham Bell
sent the human voice over a long distance through the means of an electrical current; patented the telephone in 1876
Guglielmo Marconi
developed a way for messages to be sent through space without wires; based his invention on the work of Maxwell and Hertz; invented the wireless telegraph, which was very valuable in ship-to-ship and ship-to-shore communication; sent the first wireless message across the Atlantic Ocean in 1901
Henry Ford
produced the first commercially successful automobile, the Model T, manufactured in the assembly line; did NOT built the first successful gasoline-driven automobile in the United States
Wilbur and Orville Wright (the Wright brothers)
the first people to succeed in flying a powered airplane (heavier-than-air) in sustained, controlled flight; studied aerodynamics; used the internal combustion engine to propel their plane
aerodynamics
the principles governing the movement of air around objects
biological sciences
include biology and genetics; deal with living organisms, as does medicine
physical sciences
include astronomy, geology, physics, and chemistry; deal with the properties of energy and inanimate matter
Rudolf Virchow
German scientist who expanded cell theory; showed that disease in living organisms was caused by changes in cells; concluded that every new cell must come from older cells
evolution
development through change, particularly how modern plants and animals had developed from common ancestors long ago
Jean-Baptiste Lamarck
French biologist who suggested that living things changed their form in response to their environment; his theory was later largely disproved; nonetheless it influenced Darwin to develop his own theory
Charles Darwin
published his theory of evolution in the book On the Origin of Species by Means of Natural Selection; was influenced by the ideas of Lamarck and Malthus; reasoned that in any generation, the fittest will survive, aka natural selection
genetics
founded by Gregor Mendel, this is the study of the ways in which the inborn characteristics of plants and animals are inherited by their descendents
Edward Jenner
English physician who investigated smallpox in the late 1700s, leading him to develop a vaccine effective against smallpox, utilizing cowpox
Louis Pasteur
French chemist who identified bacteria; discovered the process of pasteurization
pasteurization
a process of heating liquids to kill bacteria and prevent fermentation
antisepsis
the process of killing disease-causing germs
Joseph lister
English surgeon who developed antisepsis, utilizing carbolic acid, which reduced bacterial infection in surgery, childbirth, and the treatment of battle wounds
Robert Koch
German physician who isolated the germ that causes tuberculosis, Asiatic cholera, as well as developed sanitary measures to prevent disease
Sir Alexander Fleming
of Great Britain, discovered penicillin in 1928
John Dalton
English chemist and schoolteacher who was the first to obtain convincing experimental data about the atom; outlined a method for “weighing” atoms
Dmitry Mendeleyev
Russian chemist, who in 1869, produced the first workable classification of the elements; a modified version of his periodic table of elements is used today
Wilhelm C. Rontgen
discovered rays that penetrated many substances and could leave an image on a photo graphic plate, called them X-rays
J. J. Thomson
English physicist who discovered the electron, found that an electron was more than 1,000 times lighter than the smallest known atom
Pierre and Marie Curie
a French husband-and-wife team of chemists who provided new evidence that atoms were not plainly simple and indivisible particles; experimented with uranium and radium and found that they constantly disintegrated and released energy on their own; discovered radioactivity
radioactivity
atoms that constantly disintegrate and release energy
Ernest Rutherford
of Great Britain; discovered the nucleus of the atom and the positively-charged porton
Max Planck
German physicist who disproved that energy was continuous and could divided into any number of smaller units; proved that energy could only be released in definite quanta
quantum in the quantum theory
the Latin word for “how much,” this denote the definite “packages,” in which Planck proved that energy would only be released in
Albert Einstein
extraordinary young German scientist, who in 1905 published four papers that revolutionized physics; described the nature of light; developed the special theory of relativity; developed the equation e = mc^2, in which energy equals mass multiplied by the speed of light squared; overturned ideas of Isaac Newton as well as declared that all events occur in a fourth dimension, time
special theory of relativity
conduced that no particle of matter can move faster than the speed of light; maintained that motion can only be measured relative to the observer (no true absolute motion, space, or time)
