Chapter 18: Asia in Transition OVERVIEW Flashcards
junks
large, sturdy ships built by the Chinese of the early Ming dynasty period
queue
the single braid “tail” hair style that all Chinese men were required to wear under the “Machu” Qing dynasty in order to distinguish between the Chinese and the Machu
philology
the study of the history of literature and language
free trade
as opposed to mercantilism, this ideal promoted international trade and said that the government should not restrict or interfere in international trade; this idea grew from the West
extraterritoriality
the exemption of foreigners from the laws of the country in which they live or do business in
consulates
established by foreign nations (relatively) in a country, diplomatic offices headed by consuls
sepoys
local Indian troops who were trained and led by British officers
Nurhachi
chieftain who unified the many tribes of Machuria into a single people, the Machu; he, along with his son , proclaimed the Qing dynasty after capturing Beijing; the “Machu” Qing dynasty would rule until 1911
Emperor Kangxi
ruler of the Qing dynasty who sponsored many intellectual projects as well as presiding over the civil service examination system; ruled in accordance with the teachings of Confucius; attempted to preserve the distinctions between the minority Machu and the Chinese people; enforced the queue for Chinese men
What were some of the ways in which Emperor Kangxi attempted to maintain the Machu culture and prove Chinese submission to the Machu “Qing” dynasty rule?
- all Machu had to study the Machu language and traditions
- no intermarriage between the two groups
- forbade the Chinese to settle in Machuria (leaving it as an original and tribal homeland for the Machu)
- required all Chiense men to wear their hair in a queue, which was a single braid tail
Oda Nobunaga
began his career as a minor daimyo; captured the city of Kyoto in 1568, and 5 years later in 1573 would end the Ashikaga shogunate; killed by one of his vassals in 1582
Toyotomi Hideyoshi
lead of Nobunaga’s army; assumed his position as warlord after his assassination; from humble peasant to warrior to general; carried out a “sword hunt” with attempts to disarm the peasants; sent his army to invade Korea but ultimately failed with his death in 1598
Tokugawa Ieyasu
the most powerful vassal of Hideyoshi; established his capital at Edo (now Tokyo); began shogun in 1603 and formed the Tokugawa shogunate that gave way for 250 years of peace in Japan
Key Concept: (adapted from the textbook) The rulers of the Ming and Qing dynasties tried to isolate China by prohibiting Chinese merchants from trading overseas and by restricting foreign merchants to special settlements inside China.
How did the Qing’s dynasty’s policies towards the outer foreign powers ultimately affect their power? What lasting effect did it leave for the Qing dynasty? Specifically, what were the Confucian attitudes towards trade, and how did this affect the Chinese’s encounter with the Portuguese in the 1500s?
Key Concept: (adapted from the textbook) The Ming and Qing emperors brought peace to China, but by the late 1700s, corruption among officials, increase taxes, and decreased services led to discontent and rebellion. China’s defeat by Great Britain in the Opium War forced the nation to deal with the outside world. Chinese weakness enabled foreigners to obtain special privileges in China.
Name two flaws in the Chinese political structure that ultimately led the way for corruption. What enabled Great Britain to be able to quickly win a victory over the Chinese in the Opium War? What were the causes and effects of the Taiping Rebellion?
