Chapter 20: Landscape Dynamics

Question 1

A patchwork of different types of land cover is called a ___.

Answer 1

Mosaic

Question 2

Distinct communities are called ___.

Answer 2

Patches

Question 3

The study of causes behind the formation of patches and boundaries and the ecological consequences of these spatial patterns on the landscape is called ___ ecology.

Answer 3

Landscape

Question 4

The communities that surround a patch are called its ___.

Answer 4

Matrix

Question 5

True or false: only human activity determines size and shape of landscape patches.

Answer 5

False; geology, soil conditions, ect. can too.

Question 6

The place where the edge of one patch meets the edge of another patch is called a ___.

Answer 6

border

Question 7

A wide border forming a transition zone inside it is called an ___.

Answer 7

ecotone

Question 8

Some species that live in borders like to live in the middle and require two habitats, but some need to live right on the edge and are called ___.

Answer 8

edge species

Question 9

The fact that borders are often populated by a rich diversity of life is called the ___.

Answer 9

edge effect

Question 10

True or false: The greater the contrast between adjoining patches, the greater the diversity of species in the border.

Answer 10

True

Question 11

Large species usually live in ___ patches.

Answer 11

Large

Question 12

Why are large patches more diverse in species?

Answer 12

They usually offer more variations in topography and soils.

Question 13

When can a patch develop interior conditions, or a core area?

Answer 13

When it is large enough to be deeper (not a bigger patch!) than its border.

Question 14

These species prefer a more stable habitat and do not react well to change, unlike border species.

Answer 14

Interior species

Question 15

This theory states that the number of species established on an island represents a dynamic equilibrium between the immigration of he new colonizing species and the extinction of previously established ones.

Answer 15

Theory of island biogeography

Question 16

According to the island theory of biogeography, after all the mainland species have moved to the island, the rate of immigration will be ___.

Answer 16

Zero

Question 17

In the island theory of biogeography, when will equilibrium be achieved?

Answer 17

When immigration rates equal extinction rates

Question 18

A greater distance from the mainland means that species on the island will likely not complete the journey successfully, so there will be a ___ in the equilibrium number of species.

Answer 18

Decrease

Question 19

Bigger patches have a ___ extinction rate that smaller ones, so they will have a ___ equilibrium rate.

Answer 19

Lower; higher

Question 20

The degree to which the landscape facilitates or impedes the movement of organisms along patches is referred to as ___.

Answer 20

Landscape connectivity

Question 21

This type of landscape connectivity relates to the physical arrangement of habitat patches on the landscape (how well they’re linked to each other).

Answer 21

Structural connectivity

Question 22

This type of landscape connectivity describes the degree to which the landscape facilitates the movement of organisms and is a function of both the physical structure of the landscape as well as the behavioral responses of organisms to the structure.

Answer 22

Functional connectivity

Question 23

True or false: Structural connectivity implies functional connectivity.

Answer 23

False

Question 24

True or false: Functional connectivity is landscape and species specific.

Answer 24

True

Question 25

True or false: Patches do not need to be structurally connected to be functionally connected.

Answer 25

True

Question 26

These facilitate the ability of organisms to move patches of suitable habitat and act as “highways” between patches.

Answer 26

Corridors

Question 27

True or false: corridors can encourage gene flow between subpopulations and help reestablish species in habitats that have experienced local extinction.

Answer 27

True

Question 28

This is where different sized caps in corridors allow certain organisms to cross while restricting others.

Answer 28

Filter effect

Question 29

True or false: Corridors always positively affect populations.

Answer 29

False

Question 30

True or false: Corridors can be habitats too.

Answer 30

True

Question 31

This model views the equilibrium number of patches occupied by a given species as the balance between colonization and extinction of local populations.

Answer 31

Model of metapopulation dynamics

Question 32

The set of local communities that are linked by the dispersal of multiple potentially interacting species define the ___.

Answer 32

metacommunity

Question 33

Any discrete event, like a fire or flood, that disrupts community structure and function is called a ___.

Answer 33

disturbance

Question 34

The ___ of a disturbance is measured by the proportion of total biomass, or population of a species, that the disturbance kills or eliminates.

Answer 34

intensity

Question 35

This refers to the spatial extent of the impact of the disturbance relative to the size of the affected landscape.

Answer 35

Scale

Question 36

This is the mean number of disturbances that occur within a particular time interval.

Answer 36

Frequency

Question 37

The mean time between disturbances for a given area is the ___.

Answer 37

return interval

Question 38

An opening that becomes a site of localized regeneration and growth within the community is called a ___.

Answer 38

gap

Question 39

True or false: A disturbance’s frequency is often linked to its intensity and scale.

Answer 39

True

Question 40

The view of a landscape that says that disturbances of all kinds alter the biological and physical structures of communities making up the landscape is called the ___.

Answer 40

shifting mosaic

Question 41

In this view of the landscape, each of the patches is in a stage of successional development and is continuously changing.

Answer 41

shifting mosaic