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anatomy exam 3 > chapter 20 exam 3 > Flashcards

chapter 20 exam 3 Flashcards

1
Q

Blood…

A
  • -Transport O2 and CO2
  • -Transport nutrients
  • -Transport metabolic wastes
  • -Regulate pH of interstitial fluid
  • -Regulate ions (electrolytes) of interstitial fluid
  • -Transport enzymes
  • -Transport hormones
  • -Reduce / stop body fluid loss from injury; clotting
  • -Transport leukocytes and antibodies
  • -Transport toxins for neutralization or excretion
  • -Aid in temperature regulation
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2
Q

~7% of body mass is _____

A

blood

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3
Q

blood composition

A
  • from top to bottom
  • Plasma (yellow stuff)=liquid matrix
  • Buffy coat=
  • –Thrombocytes (platelets, technically aren’t cells),
  • – Leukocytes (white blood cells)

-Erythrocytes (red stuff)= red blood cells, pH regulation, gas exchange
((red is also formed elements)

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4
Q

Intracellular fluid

A

in cells (majority)

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5
Q

Extracellular fluid

A

outside of cells

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6
Q

Extracellular fluid ; Interstitial fluid

A

between cells, not in blood

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7
Q

Extracellular fluid ; Plasma

A

fluid portion of blood

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8
Q

Extracellular fluid ; Other fluid

A

lymph, cerebrospinal, synovial, serous, etc.

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9
Q

Body is composed of ….

A
  • water 66%
  • proteins 20%
  • lipids 10%
  • carbohydrates 3%
  • other 1%
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10
Q

Plasma (types of composition )

A
  • higher O2
  • lower CO2
  • higher dissolved protein

(opposite of Interstitial fluid)

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11
Q

Interstitial fluid (types of composition)

A
  • lower O2
  • higher CO2
  • lower dissolved protein

(opposite of plasma)

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12
Q

Plasma Proteins; Albumins

A

transport fatty acids, steroid hormones, and thyroid hormones

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13
Q

Plasma Proteins; Globulins—>Immunoglobins:

A

antibodies

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14
Q

Plasma proteins; Globulins–>Transport globulins

A

transport hormones, lipids, & ions

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15
Q

Plasma proteins; Fibrinogens

A

forms blood clots by converting to fibrin

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16
Q

Plasma proteins; Fibrinogens –>Serum:

A

blood with clotting proteins removed

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17
Q

Plasma proteins; Fibrinogens –>Anticoagulants

A

compounds that prevent fibrin formation

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18
Q

Plasma proteins’ other regulatory proteins:

A

proenzymes, hormones, enzymes

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19
Q

Hematocrit:

A

% of blood sample volume made of erythrocytes–> (red blood cells, pH regulation gas exchange)

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20
Q

if hematocrit are low

A
  • anemia
  • blood loss
  • Micronutrient deficiency
  • Chronic infection
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21
Q

if hematocrit are high

A
  • dehydration
  • Polycythemia
  • Lung / heart disease
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22
Q

Erythrocytes

A

-Biconcave disc (large surface area, flexible)

  • Lack most organelles: –Anucleated
  • -No mitochondria: use anaerobic ** metabolism
  • -Lacks ER & ribosomes: cannot repair themselves

-contrain hemoglobin: respiratory pigment (why they’re red)

  • ~120 day lifespan
  • ~1% of circulating erythrocytes are replaced daily
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23
Q

Hemoglobin (Hb):

A

has 4 heme units

-Heme units: where O2 and CO2 will bind to hemoglobin

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24
Q

Bohr effect

A

pH will impact binding affinity to O2 to Hb

-changes in Hb O2 affinity due to pH changes

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25
Q

Hemoglobin (Hb) in RBCs allows for a higher concentration of ___ and ____ in the blood

A

CO2 and O2 in the blood

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26
Q

Co2 and O2 are also dissolved in ____ but at much lower concentrations

A

plasma

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27
Q

acids ph

A

0-6

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28
Q

neutral ph

A

7

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29
Q

bases ph

A

8-14

30
Q

human physiological ph values can range from…

A
  • <6.8=death
  • 6.8-7.35=acidosis
  • 7.35-7.45=normal
  • 7.45-7.8=alkalosis
  • 7.8<=death
31
Q

most enzymes function within ____ pH range

A

small

32
Q

Respiratory & blood rapid pH regulation

A

-release CO2 and/or bind CO2 to Hb

33
Q

Renal system slow pH regulation

A

retain or release H+ and HCO3-

34
Q

Acidosis

A

too much co2

35
Q

alkalosis

A

too little co2

36
Q

acidosis ____ pH and HCO3-

A

LOW

37
Q

Alkalosis ____ pH and HCO3-

A

HIGH

38
Q

blood types are determined _______

A

genetically

39
Q

Blood types; based on _____ (RBC/WBC) surface antigens

A

RBC

40
Q

blood types; antibodies produced against _______ (self/non-self) antigens

A

non self

41
Q

blood types; what type of compatibility

A

donor/recipient

42
Q

Rh groups; Rh+

A

RBC have Rh surface antigens

43
Q

Rh groups: Rh-

A

RBC lack Rh surface antigens

44
Q

universal donor

A

O-

45
Q

universal recipient

A

AB+

46
Q

anti Rh antibodies only produced when _____ (Rh-/Rh+) are exposed to Rh antigens

A

Rh-

47
Q

Rh antibodies produced if Rh- person is exposed to Rh+ via:

A
  • Pregnancy: Rh- mother; Rh+ fetus

- Blood transfusion

48
Q

Donor / recipient compatibility; Cross-reaction

A

when antibody meets specific antigen

49
Q

Donor / recipient compatibility; Agglutination

A

clumping of RBCs and antibodies

50
Q

Donor / recipient compatibility; Hemolysis

A

rupturing of RBCs

51
Q

Leukocytes; Diapedesis

A

leukocytes squeeze between endothelial cells to leave capillaries

52
Q

Leukocytes; Chemotaxis

A

chemical signals that attract leukocytes to infections

53
Q

Agranulocytes

A

lack cytoplasmic granules

54
Q

Agranulocytes; Monocytes

A

-large cells; kidney-shaped nucleus

  • Use chemotaxis
  • Attract fibroblasts to encase pathogen in collagen
  • Produce scar tissue
55
Q

Lymphocytes:

A

round nucleus; responsible for specific immunity

-Primary cells of lymphatic system

56
Q

Lymphocytes can differentiate into…. (3)

A

-T cells: enter tissues to directly attack pathogens

– B cells: produce plasma cells that secrete antibodies

-NK cells: attack abnormal cells; immune surveillance

57
Q

Granulocytes

A

have cytoplasmic granules

58
Q

Granulocytes; Neutrophils

A

-multilobed nucleus

-Granules are vacuoles with lysosomal enzymes & bactericidal compounds
- Phagocytotic
-Short-lived; will secret chemotaxic chemicals upon
death

59
Q

Granulocytes; Eosinophils

A

-bilobed nucleus

  • Attack objects marked with antibodies
  • Involved with allergies and/or parasites
  • Secrete compounds that reduce inflammation
60
Q

Granulocytes; Basophils

A

-very high density of granules

  • Histamine: dilate blood vessels to enable diapedesis
  • Heparin: prevents blood clots
61
Q

Thrombocytes

A

-derived megakaryocytes: fragment forming bits and pieces of membrane-enclosed packets of chemicals

  • Hemostasis: blood clotting
  • Release chemicals and enzymes to initiate the clotting process
  • Clump together to form a platelet plug using fibrin
  • Contain actin and myosin that function to contract the clot
62
Q

Thrombocytes _____ (are/are not) cells

A

ARE NOT

63
Q

Hemopoiesis

A

blood cell formation; red marrow; yellow marrow can be converted to red

64
Q

Lymphatic stem cells (3)

A
  • NK cells
  • T cells
  • B cells
65
Q

Myeloid stem cells

A 
- Neutrophils
– Basophils
– Eosinophil
– Macrophages
– Megakaryocyte
      • Platelets 
– Erythrocytes
66
Q

Erythropoiesis

A

erythrocyte formation

  • Primarily in red marrow; yellow can be stimulated as well
  • Requires Vitamin B12, amino acids, & Fe
  • Erythropoietin (EPO): glycoprotein hormone by kidneys and liver in response to low [O2]; hypoxia
67
Q

Erythropoiesis; Erythropoietin (EPO):

A

glycoprotein hormone by kidneys and liver in response to low [O2]; hypoxia

  • Stimulates erythroblast and stem cell division rates
  • Speeds up Hb formation
68
Q

Leukopoiesis

A
  • differentiation of myeloid cells into leukocytes

- Colony-stimulating factors (CSFs): group of hormones that stimulate leukocyte production

69
Q

Leukopoiesis; CFS

A

– Colony-stimulating factors

-group of hormones that stimulate leukocyte production

70
Q

Lymphopoiesis

A

differentiation of myeloid cells into lymphocytes

71
Q

Lymphopoiesis; Lymphoid stem cells will also travel to peripheral lymphatic tissue… (3)

A
  • thymus
  • spleen
  • lymph nodes

anatomy exam 3 (4 decks)

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