Chapter 20: East Asian Stability Meets Foreign Traders Flashcards
Jesuits
Portuguese Jesuits tried to win over the Chinese court elite with scientific and technical knowledge. Jesuit missionaries in Macau impressed the Chinese with their learning but were unable to win over many converts among the hostile scholar gentry, who considered them barbaric.
Kangxi Dictionary
Emperor Kangxi was a Confucian scholar and poet himself, and authorized the compilation of the Kangxi Dictionary of around 42,000 characters, which became the [1700s-1800s] standard Chinese dictionary.
Collection of Books
Emperor Kangxi, in addition to authorizing the Kangxi Dictionary, sponsored a massive Collection of Books.
Journey to the West
[1590s] Some scholars argue that the modern novel can be traced back to this book, which was a fictional version of Xuanzang’s pilgrimage to Buddhist sites in India.
The Golden Lotus
[1610] Lanling Xiaoxiao Sheng published this book, China’s first realistic novel.
The Dream of the Red Chamber
[1791] This book was published by Cao Xueqin, which was a romance novel regarding life among the 18th century aristocracy written in the Chinese vernacular based on Mandarin Chinese, a group of related languages spoken in northern and southwestern China.
Matsuo Basho
[1644-1694] This Japanese poet developed and elevated the brief haiku form of poetry.
haiku
The Japanese poet Matsuo Basho developed and created haiku, a brief form of poetry.
kabuki theaters
Kabuki theaters were stylized dance-dramas which became extremely popular with audiences, who would often spend entire days watching performances.
Macau
Macau was the area that the Jesuit missionaries who tried to convert the Chinese were from. They impressed the Chinese with their scientific and technical learning but were unable to win over many converts among the hostile scholar gentry, who considered them barbaric.
queues
The Manchu were less tolerant than Mongol leaders and resolved to make their culture dominant in China. Thus, men were obligated to dress in the Manchu style, wearing queues, or braided pigtails, and those who refused were executed.
daimyo
Conflicts between landowning aristocrats called daimyo left Japan in disarray. Each daimyo had his own army of warriors called samurai, ambition to conquer more territory, and power to rule his fiefdoms as he saw fit. Gunpowder weapons would help three powerful daimyo to gradually unify Japan: Oda Nobunaga, Toyotomi Hideyoshi, and Tokugawa Ieyasu.
ronin
As civil wars ended in Japan, the samurai warrior class declined in importance and many became unemployed. So, some became ronin, samurai without masters.
Eta
The Japanese social system had Eta at the bottom, who were ostracized because they performed unclean jobs like executioner and butcher. They were tightly regulated by the Japanese gov’t unti their [1871] emancipation.
Ming Dynasty
[1368-1644] This dynasty overthrew the Mongolian Yuan Dynasty. The Ming era would oversee the arrival of Europeans like the Portuguese, who tried to encroach on the Asian trade network. This dynasty wanted to return the beliefs and customs of China’s past; to do so, they discouraged Mongol dress and names, promoted Confucianism, brought back the civil service exam, improved education under a national school system, and reestablished the bureaucracy. Emperor Yongle would send Zheng He, a Muslim admiral, to voyages to display the might of the empire and legitimize his reign. They would eventually fall to the Manchu.