Chapter 15: Western Europe Extends its Influence Flashcards

Question

John Locke

Answer 1

In Two Treatises of Government, he argued that it was the people’s right, and even a duty, to rebel against a government that exceeded its power. He wanted very limited government.

Answer 2

The Schmalkaldic League was a German Lutheran group who fought again Charles V's forces in 1546/47. In 1555, the Peace of Augsburg allowed each German state to choose whether its rulers—and therefore all of its churches and inhabitants—would be Catholic or Lutheran. People who rejected their ruler's choice of religion could move to another state where their preferred religion was practiced.

Answer 3

Henry IV allowed the Huguenots to practice their faith and provided religious toleration in France for the next 87 years.

Answer 4

The final great religious war between Catholics and Protestants in Europe was this war from 1618-48 > great economic catastrophe for Europe, mainly from troops who were allowed to loot as part of their compensation > widespread FSD (famine, starvation, and disease). The Peace of Westphalia allowed each area of the HRE to select one of three religious options: Roman Catholicism, Lutheranism, or Calvinism. Then, FR-IT-SP were predominantly Catholic, while Northern Europe was either Lutheran or Calvinist. EN was Protestant with a state church. The religious map of Europe remained fairly stable after this period, as allowing rulers of various areas of the HRE to choose a denomination gave the countries and duchies unprecedented autonomy. This led to the states of Prussia and Austria asserting themselves.

Answer 5

[1642] The English Civil War or Puritan Revolution broke out between supporters of the Stuart monarchy and supporters of Parliament, many of whom were Puritans. The dispute was mainly over what powers Parliament should have in relation to those of the monarch. However, the roots of the conflict can be traced back to the [1215] Magna Carta and the foundation of the [1265] English Parliament. [1628] The Petition of Right restated the proposition that the monarch could not levy taxes without Parliament’s consent, imprison chargeless persons, or quarter soldiers in a private home without permission. Although Charles I signed the document, he proceeded to ignore it and did not call a meeting of Parliament for 11 years. [1642] Years later, he was at war with Parliament.

Answer 6

Under William and Mary, this act granted freedom of worship to non-Anglicans, but that the English monarch had to be Anglican since they would be head of the Church of England.

Answer 7

[SPF-GH or SP, Portugal, GB, FR, and Holland] established maritime empires, ones based on sea travel.

Answer 8

FR and EN vied for dominance in North America, where EN settlers formed alliances with the powerful Iroquois, who had been in conflict with the French over trade issues for decades. The Iroquois realized over time that the English posed more of a threat than the French, so the Iroquois and the FR shifted alliances in a peace treaty known as the [1701] Great Peace of Montreal.

Answer 9

English-trained Indian private forces helped the British East India Company move inland and spread its influence.

Answer 10

The Parlement of Paris played a major role in stimulating the nobility to resist the expansion of royal power by military force during the Fronde, 1648–49. In the end, King Louis XIV won out and the nobility was humiliated.

Answer 11

John Wycliffe and his Lollard followers in England argued that priests were unnecessary for salvation. Wycliffe was vilified for translating parts of the Bible into the English vernacular to make it available to the mass of believers who neither read nor understood Latin.

Answer 12

Jan Hus and his Hussite followers in Bohemia were declared heretic for having similar beliefs to John Wycliffe and his Lollard followers in England, who argued that priests were unnecessary for salvation and translated the Bible into the English vernacular.

Answer 13

He lived in Geneva, Switzerland, and supported a religion that followed the exact teachings of the scriptures.

Answer 14

A monk in Wittenberg, Germany, named Martin Luther, decided that several Church practices violated Biblical teachings. Of these practices was simony, the selling of church offices.

Answer 15

He was a French theologian who broke with the Church in 1530. In 1536, Calvin wrote The Institutes of the Christian Religion and helped form the religious community in Geneva, Sweden. The elect, those predestined to go to heaven, ran the community, which was based on plain living, simple church buildings, and governance by the elders of the church. His followers in FR were called Huguenots.

Answer 16

The elect were those predestined to go to heaven in Calvinsm.

Answer 17

The idea that God has eternally chosen those whom he intends to save, which was reflected in Calvinism. The elect were a group predestined to go to heaven, who ran the Calvinist community.

Answer 18

John Knox led the Reformed Church of Scotland, a small, Scottish, Presbyterian church denomination.

Answer 19

In England and later in Boston would be Puritans who wanted to purify the Church of England of Catholic remnants.

Answer 20

The RCC did not allow for the Reformation groups to take over. It embarked on a vigorous Counter-Reformation with a three-pronged strategy: Inquisition: The Church increased the use of the Roman Inquisition to root out and punish nonbelievers, often by way of torture. Jesuits: [1540] The Society of Jesus, a religious order, undertook missionary activity in Europe and abroad. It was founded by Ignatius of Loyola. Council of Trent: [1545-1563] Corrected some of the worst of the Church’s abuses. Concentrated on reaffirming rituals like marriage and sacraments improving the education of priests. Published the Index of Prohibited Books, writing that the Church considered dangerous to one’s faith if read.

Answer 21

During the Counter-Reformation, the Roman Catholic Church increased the use of the Roman Inquisition to root out and punish nonbelievers, often by way of torture.

Answer 22

During the Counter-Reformation, the Society of Jesus, a religious order, undertook missionary activity in Europe and abroad. It was founded by Ignatius of Loyola.

Answer 23

From 1545-1563, this council corrected some of the worst of the Church’s abuses. They concentrated on reaffirming rituals like marriage and sacraments improving the education of priests. They also published the Index of Prohibited Books, writing that the Church considered dangerous to one’s faith if read.

Answer 24

The Council of Trent corrected some of the worst of the Church's abuses by reaffirming rituals like marriage and sacraments improving the education of priests. They also published the Index of Prohibited Books, writing that the Church considered dangerous to one's faith if read.

Answer 25

The Protestant Reformation was a movement by people against the teachings of the corrupt Roman Catholic Church. The protestors formed a new religion known as Protestantism, among the likes of Martin Luther, John Calvin, and Henry VIII. Martin Luther specifically opposed the sale of indulgences and to simony. The former were slips of paper forgiving you of your sins, and the latter was the selling of church offices (positions).

Answer 26

The Petition of Right restated the proposition that the monarch could not levy taxes without Parliament’s consent, imprison chargeless persons, or quarter soldiers in a private home without permission. Although Charles I signed the document, he proceeded to ignore it and did not call a meeting of Parliament for 11 years.

Answer 27

[1602] Dutch pioneers in finance had a stock exchange and [1609] Bank of Amsterdam traded currency internationally → placed the Dutch at the center of financial dealings in Europe.

Answer 28

Europeans typically measured the wealth of a country in how much gold/silver it had, so countries designed mercantilist policies with heavy government involvement in the economy to have more exports than imports.

Answer 29

Capital is material wealth available to produce more wealth. It grew in Western Europe as entrepreneurs entered long-distance markets, like the rural women working in the cottage industry who made garments out of cloth. Capital changed hands from entrepreneurs to laborers, putting laborers in a better position to become consumers.

Answer 30

In the 1700s, Adam Smith was influenced by new Enlightenment thinking and belonged to a group of economists called physiocrats. He turned against mercantilism in his 1776 book The Wealth of Nations, in which he argued that extensive government regulations to promote exports and discourage imports were misguided. Instead, he proposed free trade and greater trust in the "invisible hand" of the laws of supply and demand, which he believed would make everyone wealthier.

Answer 31

Physiocrats were a group of economists who believed that the government shouldn't intervene with natural economic laws. Adam Smith, who wrote The Wealth of Nations, was a physiocrat. Smith argued that extensive government regulations to promote exports and discourage imports were misguided. Instead, he proposed free trade and greater trust in the "invisible hand" of the laws of supply and demand, which he believed would make everyone wealthier.

Answer 32

As prices rise, customers buy less. As prices decline, consumers buy more.

Answer 33

The Commercial Revolution saw the transformation of commerce from local, small-scale trading mostly based on barter to large-scale international trade using gold/silver. It saw a high rate of inflation, or a general rise in prices. It can be attributed to four factors: the development of European overseas colonies, the opening of new ocean trade routes, population growth, and inflation. (COPI)

Answer 34

The high rate of inflation, or general rise in prices, at the time of the Commercial Revolution.

Answer 35

The 1600-founded British East India Company and the 1602-founded Dutch East India Company were joint-stock companies, owned by investors who bought stock or shares in them. People invested capital in such companies and shared both the profits and the risks of exploration and trading ventures. Investing was made safer by limited liability, the principle that an investor was not responsible for a company's debts or other liabilities beyond the amount of the investment.

Answer 36

As commercial treaties were concluded with the local authorities, the British East India Company’s factors or governors trained Indians as helpers.

Answer 37

At age 21, Thomas “Diamond” Pitt traveled to India and illegally operated on his own, despite how the British East India Company claimed a monopoly on trade in the area. [1702] Pitt was so wealthy & successful that the company hired him. While in India, he purchased a diamond that later became worth ≥135,000 quid after he had it cut in Amsterdam and sold to the regent of FR.

Answer 38

France and England fell victim to speculative financial bubbles, schemes based on the sale of shares to investors who were promised a certain ROI. After a frenzy of buying that drove up the price of shares, the bubble burst and investors lost huge amounts of money, sending many into bankruptcy and inflicting damage to the economy. In Britain, the crisis was called the South Sea Bubble, and in France, the crisis was called the Mississippi Bubble. While Britain recovered relatively quickly, France did not.

Answer 39

In 1689, William and Mary signed the English Bill of Rights assuring individual civil liberties. The document made it so that a legal process was required before someone could be arrested/detained and also guaranteed protection against the tyranny of the monarchy by requiring the agreement of Parliament on matters of taxation and raising an army.

Answer 40

In 1521, Spain annexed the Philippines when Magellan’s fleet arrived there. In 1565, Spain returned with strong forces and a long campaign to conquer Filipinos, who put up fierce resistance. Manila became a Spanish commercial center in the area, attracting Chinese merchants and others. Spain held onto Manila until the Spanish-American War.

Answer 41

Martin Luther created this document as a list of his grievances against the Roman Catholic Church. Legend states that he nailed the list to the front of the church door, but it was more likely that he mailed the document and only posted a short list of cautiously-written questions to the door. Nonetheless, Luther’s impact was tremendous, sparking the Protestant Revolution.

Answer 42

They were moderates who approached ruling with practicality rather than theology. French king Henry IV (Henry of Navarre) converted to Catholicism to solidify his power, exemplifying the willingness of monarchs to think like these Politiques.

Answer 43

[1588] Philip II tried to conquer and convert England to Catholicism, but his Spanish Armada or Spanish fleets failed against the weather-aided English naval power.

Answer 44

This treaty ended the Thirty Years’ War between Catholics and Protestants in Europe. It allowed each area of the Holy Roman Empire to select one of three religious options: Roman Catholicism, Lutheranism, or Calvinism. After this settlement, FR, SP, and IT were predominantly Catholic while Northern Europe was either Lutheran or Calvinist. England was Protestant with a state church. The religious map of Europe remained fairly stable after this period, as allowing rulers of various areas of the HRE to choose a denomination gave the countries and duchies unprecedented autonomy → states of Prussia and Austria began to assert themselves.

Answer 45

The new monarchies of the Renaissance developed in Europe due to the desire of certain leaders to centralize power by controlling taxes, the army, and many religious aspects. Because of the English Tudors, French Valois, and Spanish monarchs Queen Isabella and King Ferdinand, bureaucracies ↑ middle class power ↑ at the expense of lords/churches; new monarchies moved to curb the private armies of the nobility.

Answer 46

The Petition of Right restated the proposition that the monarch could not levy taxes without Parliament’s consent, imprison chargeless persons, or quarter soldiers in a private home without permission. Although Charles I signed the document, he proceeded to ignore it and did not call a meeting of Parliament for 11 years.

Answer 47

[1688] A group of lords invited William and Mary, the Protestant monarchs of the Netherlands, to become joint rulers of England → Glorious Revolution in which James II fled the country.

Answer 48

[1589-1610] In France, Henry IV listened to his advisor Jean Bodin, who advocated the divine right of the monarchy, the claim that the right to rule was given to a king by God.

Answer 49

[1610-1643] Louis XIII and his minister Cardinal Richelieu developed the system of intendants. Intendants were royal officials sent out to the provinces to execute the orders of the central gov’t, sometimes called “tax farmers” for overseeing the collection of various taxes for the royal gov’t.

Answer 50

Louis XIV gained the throne of Spain for his Bourbon family, thereby causing the [1701-1714] War of the Spanish Succession. However, the [1713] Peace of Utrecht stipulated that the same person could not hold the thrones of FR and SP simultaneously. In paying for his wars, Louis XIV contributed to the economic problems of FR → French Revolution of 1789.

Answer 51

Louis XIV gained the throne of Spain for his Bourbon family, thereby causing the [1701-1714] War of the Spanish Succession. However, the [1713] Peace of Utrecht stipulated that the same person could not hold the thrones of FR and SP simultaneously. In paying for his wars, Louis XIV contributed to the economic problems of FR → French Revolution of 1789.

Answer 52

French Calvinists.

Answer 53

[930-1130] The Cluniac Reforms were unsuccessful efforts to curb the corruption in numerous Church councils.

Answer 54

[1509-1547] English King Henry VIII wanted a male heir to succeed him. After his wife gave birth to several daughters, Henry asked the pope’s permission to annul his first marriage so he could marry another woman, Anne Boleyn. But the pope refused, worried about the reaction of the very powerful emperor of the Holy Roman Empire, Charles V. Henry, with the approval of the English Parliament, went his own way by setting himself up as head of the new Church of England, or Anglican Church, which would be free of control from the pope.

Answer 55

[1620] English scientist and philosopher Francis Bacon developed an early scientific method called empiricism, which insisted upon the collection of data to support a hypothesis.

Answer 56

[1687] Sir Isaac Newton, combining Galileo’s laws of terrestrial motion and Johannes Kepler’s laws of planetary motion, published a work on gravitational force called Principia. The ideas in Principia impacted science and mathematics and helped lead to a new vision of the world.

Answer 57

[1687] Sir Isaac Newton, combining Galileo’s laws of terrestrial motion and Johannes Kepler’s laws of planetary motion, published a work on gravitational force called Principia. The ideas in Principia impacted science and mathematics and helped lead to a new vision of the world.

Answer 58

Among other reforms, Louis XIV’s finance minister Jean-Baptise Colbert sought to make French manufactured goods more competitive by creating the Five Great Farms, an area free from internal taxes.

Answer 59

Physiocrat Adam Smith turned against mercantilism in his 1776 book The Wealth of Nations, in which he argued that extensive government regulations to promote exports and discourage imports were misguided. Instead, he proposed free trade and greater trust in the "invisible hand" of the laws of supply and demand, which he believed would make everyone wealthier.

Answer 60

France and England fell victim to speculative financial bubbles, schemes based on the sale of shares to investors who were promised a certain ROI. After a frenzy of buying that drove up the price of shares, the bubble burst and investors lost huge amounts of money, sending many into bankruptcy and inflicting damage to the economy. In Britain, the crisis was called the South Sea Bubble, and in France, the crisis was called the Mississippi Bubble. While Britain recovered relatively quickly, France did not.

Answer 61

France and England fell victim to speculative financial bubbles, schemes based on the sale of shares to investors who were promised a certain ROI. After a frenzy of buying that drove up the price of shares, the bubble burst and investors lost huge amounts of money, sending many into bankruptcy and inflicting damage to the economy. In Britain, the crisis was called the South Sea Bubble, and in France, the crisis was called the Mississippi Bubble. While Britain recovered relatively quickly, France did not.

Answer 62

Mapmaking.

Answer 63

The third estate was the most populous estate of the three class systems in France. However, it had the least power, because the top two classes would vote with one another when it came to voting issues. The Third Estate was legally subordinate to clergy and nobles. This inability to gain representation in government would lead to unrest.