Chapter 20: Diabetes Mellitus Flashcards
The primary organ involved in the disease process of type 1 diabetes mellitus is the
a. adrenal gland.
b. pancreas.
c. kidney.
d. liver.
b. pancreas.
For glucose to be used by the cells in the body, it first must be taken out of the blood and put into the cell. The hormone insulin must be present. Insulin is produced by the cells of the pancreas. Thus the pancreas is the organ involved in the disease process of type 1 diabetes mellitus.
The factors that seem to play a role in the development of type 2 diabetes mellitus are
a. weight and heredity.
b. liver disease.
c. enzyme deficiencies.
d. childhood illnesses.
a. weight and heredity.
Weight and heredity seem to play a role in the development of type 2 diabetes mellitus. Unlike type 1 diabetes, type 2 is not caused by an autoimmune response. Weight and heredity seem to play a role in the development of type 2 diabetes.
Type 2 diabetes is most common in
a. infants.
b. children.
c. adolescents.
d. older adults.
d. older adults.
Acidosis, underweight, and rapid onset are characteristics of _____ diabetes.
a. type 1
b. type 2
c. gestational
d. secondary
a. type 1
Type 1 diabetes presents with unintentional weight loss, polydipsia, polyphagia, and polyuria, and acidosis can occur if the disease is left untreated.
Which of the following describes characteristics of type 2 diabetes?
a. Requires insulin and is a milder form of the disease
b. Acidosis is present and the onset is rapid
c. Acidosis is present and the form is more severe
d. Improves with weight loss
d. Improves with weight loss
Other symptoms that may be present in patients with diabetes include
a. paralysis and loss of hearing.
b. diarrhea and gastrointestinal upset.
c. fainting and amnesia.
d. skin infections and weakness.
d. skin infections and weakness.
In addition to early signs of diabetes, additional signs may include blurred vision, skin irritation or infection, and general weakness or loss of strength.
Uncontrolled diabetes is related to the abnormal metabolism of
a. carbohydrates and proteins.
b. proteins and fats.
c. carbohydrates and fats.
d. carbohydrates only.
c. carbohydrates and fats.
Uncontrolled diabetes causes alterations in glucose metabolism as well as abnormal metabolism of proteins and fats. Protein tissues are broken down in the body’s effort to secure energy sources, causing weight loss and urinary nitrogen loss. Fat tissue, in the absence functioning insulin, breaks down. However, normal lipolysis (fat breakdown) requires an adequate supply of glucose, which in turn relies on the help of insulin to accept glucose into the cell. Therefore intermediate products of fat breakdown, called ketones, accumulate in the body.
The normal range for blood glucose is _____ mg/dL.
a. 20 to 50
b. 50 to 100
c. 70 to 110
d. 100 to 150
c. 70 to 110
A value above this is considered hyperglycemia. Normal control mechanisms ensure that people always have sufficient circulating blood sugar, glucose, to meet constant energy needs—even the basal metabolic energy needs during sleep—because glucose is the body’s preferred fuel.
The largest portion of islet cells are the cells that synthesize
a. glucagon.
b. insulin.
c. somatostatin.
d. growth hormone.
b. insulin.
The largest portion of islet cells are the cells that synthesize insulin, a hormone. Insulin must be present for glucose to be carried into the cell.
The hormone that is synthesized by the pancreatic islet cells is
a. glycogen.
b. ketone.
c. somatostatin.
d. insulin.
c. somatostatin
is the pancreatic hormone that acts as a “referee” for several other hormones affecting blood glucose levels. It is produced in the cells of the pancreatic islets, scattered between the á and â cells and making up approximately 10% of each islet’s cells.
If the diet prescription for type 1 diabetes allows 2200 kcal, and if the common distribution of kilocalories is followed, then the number of grams of carbohydrates in the diet plan should be _____ g.
a. 50
b. 100
c. 200
d. 275
d. 275
Approximately 50% of total kilocalories should be supplied from carbohydrates. In this case, 2200 kcal (50%) = 1,100 kcal ÷ 4 g/kcal = 275 kcal.
A food that is not in the meat group of the Choose Your Foods: Exchange Lists for Diabetes is
a. cottage cheese.
b. shrimp.
c. egg.
d. milk.
d. milk.
it is in a separate group from the meat and meat substitute group.
Studies indicate that exercise
a. decreases insulin efficiency.
b. stimulates the release of insulin.
c. increases the number of insulin receptors on muscle cells.
d. raises blood glucose levels.
c. increases the number of insulin receptors on muscle cells.
exercise helps control blood glucose and reduces the risk of cardiovascular disease, hyperlipidemia, hypertension, and obesity.
Mr. Jones comes into the clinic and is 20 lb above his desirable weight and has type 2 diabetes. A recommendation to Mr. Jones would be to
a. increase kilocalories.
b. include between-meal snacks.
c. take extra food during exercise.
d. lose weight.
d. lose weight.
Maintaining a proper weight will decrease complications associated with diabetes, including high blood sugar and the risks of cardiovascular disease, hyperlipidemia, hypertension, and obesity.
The form of insulin designed to last between 18 and 24 hours is the
a. rapid-acting form.
b. intermediate-acting form.
c. long-acting form.
d. oral hypoglycemic agent.
b. intermediate-acting form.
Intermediate-acting (NPH) insulin can last from 18 to 24 hours. The onset of action is from 1 hour up to 3 hours, with a peak action ranging from 7 to 14 hours.
