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Human Biology Unit 2 - Semester 2 > Chapter 20 - Contraception > Flashcards

Chapter 20 - Contraception Flashcards

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1
Q

Define Contraception

A

Measures that prevent a woman from having a child by preventing fertilisation to occur in a woman, hence conception of a child.

Methods of family planning and or birth control involve the prevention of fertilisation.

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2
Q

Abstinence vs Birth Control

A

ABSTINENCE is NOT HAVING SEX at all and is the only option that has NO RISK of either PREGNANCY or SIDE EFFECTS.

BIRTH CONTROL METHODS via SCIENCE have provided a CHOICE for people, but the choice brings RESPONSIBILITIES which must be EXAMINED about ISSUES and make RESPONSIBLE DECISIONS for family planning.

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3
Q

A basis social problem for reproduction

A

Puberty and maturation of sexual feelings are a lot earlier in young individuals, but the young people are postponing having children to a later age of stability of finance, relationships and maturity

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4
Q

List the Main Methods of Contraception (9)

A
  1. DETECTION OF OVULATION
  2. LACTATIONAL AMENORRHEA
  3. COITUS INTERRUPTUS
  4. MECHANICAL BARRIERS
  5. SPERMICIDES
  6. HORMONAL CONTRACEPTION FOR WOMEN AND MEN
  7. INTRAUTERINE DEVICES
  8. EMERGENCY CONTRACEPTIVES FOR WOMEN
  9. STERILISATION
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5
Q

What is Detection of ovulation?

A

Methods of birth control which RELY on a female’s ABILITY to DETERMINE the TIME of OVULATION.

  • she can then ABSTAIN FROM SEX on the DAYS when FERTILISATION is most Likely.

THIS IS KNOWN AS PERIODIC ABSTINENCE- ‘safe period’ technique

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6
Q

List the DETECTION OF OVULATION METHODS - ways to determine the safe period (4)

A
  1. Rhythm Method
  2. Temperature Method
  3. Mucus Method
  4. Symptothermal Method
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7
Q

What is the Rhythm method? When used?

A

Method based on the fact that EGG is AVAILABLE for FERTILISATION during a period of only 3-5 days in each menstrual cycle.
TRACKING DAY OF CYCLE

SPERM can SURVIVE in the FEMALE REPRODUCTIVE system for 4 DAYS and therefore SEXUAL INTERCOURSE should not occur 4 DAYS BEFORE OR AFTER OVULATION.
- extra allowance should also be given if egg not released exactly on day 14

Rhythm method is now usually USED in COMBINATION WITH OTHER detection of ovulation METHODS BECAUSE A WOMENS CYCLES ARE NOT EXACT AND SELDOM.

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8
Q

What is the Temperature Method?

A

Temperature method is a REFINEMENT OF the RHYTHM METHOD OF PREDICTING OVULATION.

TAKE BODY TEMP EVERY MORNING TO DETERMINE THE TIME OF OVULATION MORE ACCURATELY.

OVULATION IS ACCOMPANIED by SHARP DROP IN BODY TEMP AND THEN A RISE.

Using this method a woman then can safely have INTERCOURSE 3 AFTER the TEMPERATURE RISE has OCCURRED.

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9
Q

What is the Mucous Method? Explain how mucus lets you predict the day of cycle.

A

The probable time of ovulation is predicted by OBSERVING a CHANGE in the MUCUS of the CERVIX.

  1. IMMEDIATELY AFTER menstruation the TISSUES of the vaginal OPENING FEEL DRY.
  2. As OVULATION APPROACHES MUCUS can be DETECTED.
  3. At first it is CLOUDY AND STICKY, but as the CERVIX SECRETS more MUCUS it’s NATURE CHANGES; the mucus becomes CLEARER, feels STICKY to the touch, and strands will STRETCH WITHOUT BREAKING.
  4. On the day of OVULATION the PEAK of CLEAR MUCUS is REACHED, which after BECOMES CLOUDY AGAIN.
  5. SEXUAL INTER COURSE is SAFE when there is NO MUCUS, AND more than 3 DAYS AFTER the LAST DAY of CLEAR MUCUS.
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10
Q

What is the Symptothermal Method? What is fertility monitor?

A

Uses the RHYTHM METHOD and a COMBINATION OF TEMPERATURE AND CERVICAL MUCUS METHODS TO PREDICT FERTILE PEROID OF FEMALE’S CYCLE MORE.

A fertility monitor has been developed to measure daily changes in body’s temperature and cervical mucus.

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11
Q

What is LACTATIONAL AMENORRHOEA. When effect

A

Lactational amenorrhea is TEMPORARY INFERTILITY that FOLLOWS the BIRTH of a CHILD.

It occurs when a WOMEN is NOT MENSTRUATING (AMENORRHEA) and is FULLY BREASTFEEDING.

Lactational Amenorrhea method (LAM) relies on the fact that BREASTFEEDING AFFECTS the PRODUCTION of the HORMONES so that OVULATION is R.

The CHANCE of a PREGNANCY is REDUCED.

MOST EFFECTIVE - menstrual period has not returned, Baby is fully breastfed ( no other food) and the baby is less than 6 months of Age.

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12
Q

Explain Coitus INTERRUPTUS Method

A

Coitus INTERRUPTUS is WITHDRAWAL - removal of the penis just BEFORE MALE ORGASM
- ejaculation takes place outside the female vagina

OLDEST method and UNRELIABLE

Depends on the male being able to recognise sensations before ejaculation and requires considerable self control for withdrawal to occur in time.

  • even if penis is withdrawn prior to ejaculation, some sperm may escape in the pre-ejaculatory FLIUDS so fertilisation could occur.
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13
Q

List the mechanical barriers methods of contraception

A
  1. CONDOM
  2. DIAPHRAGM
  3. CERVICAL CAP
  4. FEMALE CONDOM - FEMIDOM
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14
Q

What do mechanical barriers do?

A

Prevents the speed from reaching the egg

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15
Q

Explain what a condom is and what it does

A

Condom is a type of cover made from THIN LATEX RUBBER; which is rolled into the erect penis just before intercourses.

A CONDOM IS EFFECTIVE IN PREVENTING SEMEN FROM ENTERING THE VAGINA, PROVIDED THAT IT DOES NOT TEAR OR SLIP OF AFTER EJACULATION.

Additional advantage in providing protection against STI’s such as HIV/AIDS, HEPATITIS B.

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16
Q

Explain what a DIAPHRAGM is and what it does

A

Diaphragm is a MECHANICAL BARRIER used BY the FEMALE.

THIN RUBBER CAP that fits ACROSS the TOP of the VAGINA, INSERTED BEFORE SEX

correct SIZE must be PRESCRIBED by a DOCTOR

to increase EFFECTIVENESS with a SPERMICIDAL CREAM/JELLY

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17
Q

Explain what a CERVICAL CAP is and what it does

A

Smaller than Diaphragm and FITS DIRECTLY OVER THE CERVIX

BOTH PREVENT SPERM FROM REACHING THE UTERUS, AND BOTH MUST REMAIN IN POSITION FOR 6 HOURS after the male has EJACULATED

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18
Q

Explain what a FEMALE CONDOM is and what it does

A

FEMIDOM is a LUBRICATED POLYURETHANE SHEATH THAT LINES THE VAGINA

  • FLEXIBLE RING; the one at the END FITS over the CERVIX and other SITS R the FOLDS of the SKIN that SURROUND the ENTRANCE to the VAGINA

EFFECTIVE and gives PROTECTION against STI’s

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19
Q

What are spermicides and what do they do?

A

Spermicides WORK in 2 WAYS

  1. They contain a SUBSTANCE that IMMOBILISES and DESTROYS S PERM
  2. They REACTS WITH MOISTURE in the VAGINA to FORM BUBBLES of CARBON DIOXIDE GAS which present a PHYSICAL BARRIER TO the SPERM

UNRELIABLE when they are used ALONE but do ADD TO the EFFECTIVENESS OF BARRIER DEVICES.
- can be used with a condom, diaphragm, and cervical cap.

They are available as CREAMS, TABLETS, PESSARIES OR AEROSOL FOAM.

20
Q

Are detection of ovulation methods reliable? Any problems?

A

The detection of OVULATION methods are Safe PEROID methods - “ FERTILITY AWARENESS METHODS”

They are very RELIABLE, but do rely on the woman keeping CAREFUL RECORDS
- VERY LOW PREGNANCY RATES achieved

PROBLEM- in a close relationship it is hard to have sex according to a calendar rather than desire.

  • close cooperation and support from partner is essential.
21
Q

What are some Hormonal Contraception for women?

A
  1. Combined Pill
  2. Mini pill
  3. Depo-Provera and Depo-Ralovera
  4. Implanon
  5. NuvaRing
22
Q

What is a Combined pill? What does it do? How taken?

A

A pill which Contains substances similar to the 2 female hormones - OESTROGEN AND PROGESTERONE

  • pill must be taken daily, if missed for more than two days there will be no protection as hormone levels drop
  • inactive pills for the seven days during which hormonal substitutes are not required. Pill is taken every day making it less likely that one will be missed

What it does
1. When TAKEN DAILY for the first 21 DAYS of the menstrual cycle, the SUBSTITUTE HORMONES PREVENTS THE RELEASE OF MATURE EGGS FROM THE OVARY

  1. Cervical mucus becomes THICK and STICKY, making it difficult for sperm to travel upwards from the vagina
  2. ‘Hormones’ ALTER the LINING of the uterus so that it becomes LESS RECEPTIVE TO IMPLANTATION OF AN EMBRYO.
23
Q

What is the mini pill?

A

Mini pill contains only the PROGESTERONE SUBSTITUTION CALLED PROGESTOGEN.
- must be taken DAILY AT THE SAME TIME

What it does?
1. ‘Hormone’ MAKES the cervical mucus THICKER so that sperm cannot enter the Uterus

  1. CHANGES the LINING of the uterus, making it DIFFICULT for a FERTILISED EGG to IMPLANT
24
Q

What is DEPO-PROVERA? And DEPO-RALOVERA?

A

They different forms of the MINI PILL

This different forms of the Hormone ‘PROGESTOGEN ’ are INJECTED into the muscle of the upper arm or buttock.

INJECTION LASTS 12 weeks and works in a similar way to the mini pill

25
Q

What is an Implanon?

A

Different and NEW FORM OF THE MINI PILL

Is a CAPSULE the SIZE MATCHSTICK
- UNDER A LOCAL ANAESTHETIC, the implanon is INSERTED BENEATH THE SKIN ON THE INNER SIDE OF UPPER ARM

PROGESTOGEN DIFFUSES THROUGH THE CAPSULE WALL INTO BODY
- provides CONTRACEPTION for 3 YEARS

IMPLANT CAN BE REMOVED EASILY AND OVULATION USUALLY RETURNS WITHIN 3 weeks

26
Q

What is the NuvaRing?

A

Soft plastic Ring placed in the vagina where is releases DOSES OF OESTROGEN AND PROGESTERONE

  • left in the vagina for 3 weeks and taken out for 1 week
  • similar to combined pill but do not have to remember every day

How it works?
- small amounts of hormones released PREVENTS OVULATION because the MUCUS IN THE CERVIX THICKEN so sperm cannot enter uterus and CHNAGE IN LINING SO IMPLANTATION CANNOT OCCUR.

27
Q

Side effects of the Combined pill and Nuva Ring?

A

Oestrogen is what causes the many side effects of hormonal contraceptives.
* does not many of the side effects in minipill and implanon

Side effects
- BLOOD CLOT IN VEIN OR ARTERY (risk increases with age and lifestyle; Eg overweight or smoker)

28
Q

What are intrauterine devices?

A

IUDs are small devices made of plastic and often copper which are to be inserted into the uterus.

They are Inserted into uterus - not felt by the woman or her partner

All available IUDS in Aus have FINE NYLON THREADS ATTACHED TO THIER LOWER END

  • so that when fitted then threads extend through the cervix into tye upper vagina
  • these threads ALLOW A WOMAN TO CHECK IT IS IN PLACE AND ALLOWS EASY REMOVAL BY A DOCTOR

2 main types

  1. HORMONAL IUD - made of a PLASTIC FRAME with a CORE that SLOWLY RELEASES PROGESTOGEN hormone LEVONORGESTREL
    - in Aus only one type available MIRENA
  2. A COPPER IUD - made of PLASTIC FRAME with a COPPER SLEEVES OR COPPER WIRE AROUND IT.
29
Q

Copper vs Hormonal IUD

A

Hormonal IUD works by RELEASING its hormone at a STADY RATE that makes the ENDOMETRIUM THIN AND UNSUITABLE FOR IMPLANTATION

HORMONE ALSO STIMULATES CERVIX to produce THICK MUCUS THAT PREVENTS SPERM FROM ENTERING UTERUS AND SWIM TOWARDS EGG
- in some women the iud stops ovulation all together due to hormone

Copper IUDS

  • Mainly works by AFFECTING THE MOVEMENT OF SPERM - cannot get to uterus
  • CAUSES CHANGES IN TGE ENDOMETRIUM which stops fertilised egg to attach
  • because of this copper IUDs are sometimes used as an effective form of EMERGENCY CONTRACEPTION up to 5 days after unprotected sex
30
Q

What is emergency contraception for women?

A

ECP - Over the counter Morning after pill’ - tablet of PROGESTOGEN

How does it work?

  • Preventing or delaying ovulation
  • prevents sperm reaching egg
  • which prevents implantation of an embryo in the lining of the uterus

Examples POSTINOR, LEVONELL, NORLEVO

The sooner the pill is taken after unprotected sex, the more effective it will be; effectiveness is reduced after 72 hours although may still prevent pregnancy 4-5 days after

31
Q

Why are the different forms of sterilisation?

A
  1. Vasectomy
  2. Tubal Ligation
  3. Essure
  4. Castration
  5. Oophorectomy
  6. Hysterectomy
32
Q

What is sterilisation?

A

Is a permanent method of birth control for both men and women.

In males it is called Vasectomy and females it is tubal ligation.

Sexual desire does not decrease for both genders

33
Q

What is Vasectomy?

A

Traditionally an OPERATION under local (sometimes general) anaesthetic and is involved in the REMOVAL of A SMALL PIECE OF EACH VAS DEFERNS.

relatively simple operation;

  1. SMALL CUT is made on EACH SIDE of the SCROTUM.
  2. A small SEGMENT REMOVED FROM EACH VAS DEFERENS
  3. Cut ends are TIED AND SEALED WITH HEAT
34
Q

What is TUBAL Ligation?

A

Simple Operation requiring a small stay at the hospital

  1. Under GENERAL ANAESTHETIC, SMALL INCISION IS MADE THE ABDOMEN TO LOCATE UTERINE TUBES
  2. Each TUBE IS CUT, small piece removed and ends TIED

Instrument called Lacroscope may be used which is passed into the abdominal cavity through a small (1cm) cut at the lower edge of the navel,

Once it is inside abdominal cavity, Doctor is able to locate the uterine tubes and FIT METAL CLIPS to each, crushing that section of the uterine tube.

35
Q

How does Tubal ligation work to sterilisation in women?

A

Sperm cannot reach the egg

Egg cannot reach the sperm

36
Q

What is ESSURE?

A

Sterilisation techniques used in women without general anaesthetic and major surgery.

Uses local anaesthetic, no cuts and uses a device.

  1. Uses a device that consist of an inner wire surrounded by a large coil of wire with synthetic fibre between two wires
  2. Device is Inserted through cervix and uterus into the entrance of each uterine tubes
  3. Over the flowing 2-3 months the uterine tube grows around the ESSURE DEVICE

Procedure cannot be reversed because removal would destroy part of the uterine tubes.

37
Q

Castration vs. oophorectomy vs. hysterectomy

A

They are the removal of reproductive organs - usually performed operations if organs are diseased.
- AFFECTS THE BALANCE OF REPRODUCTIVE HORMONE, PROFOUND EFFECTS ON SEXUAL DRIVE AND BODY CHARACTERISTICS

CASTRATION - removal of testes

Oophorectomy- removal of ovaries

Hysterectomy- removal of uterus

38
Q

Natural methods - Advantages vs Disadvantages

A

Ad - No sides effects, no costs, acceptable to certain religious groups

Dis - time and effort required to determine ovulation

  • not very reliable
  • abstinence required at times; required self control
  • breastfeeding one - only for 1-6 months and cease of menstruation
  • no protection against STI’s
39
Q

Spermicides - advantages vs disadvantages

A

Ad - relatively easy to use

Dis - unreliable on own

  • used in conjunction with another barrier
  • no protection against sti’s
40
Q

Intrauterine Devices - advantages and disadvantages

A

Ad - effective, long lasting, can be reversed, forgotten about and sometimes effective energy contraception

Dis - must be inserted by doctor

  • in some women can cause bleeding and pain at menstruation
  • no protection against STI’s
41
Q

Mechanical barriers - advantages vs disadvantages

A 
Diaphragm and cervical cap 
Ad 
- does not affect menstrual cycle 
- used during menstruation 
- placed a head of time and therefore spontaneity of sex not affected

Dis

  • unpleasant/difficult to insert
  • correct size prescribed by doctor
  • spermicides used to improve reliability

Condom
Ad - protection against sti’s
- cheap, convenient

Dis
- may affect spontaneity of sex

FEMIDOM

  • AD - put in place before intercourse
  • stronger than male condom
  • protection against sti’s

Dis

  • more expensive
  • placement needs practice
42
Q

Sterilisation- advantages and disadvantages

A

Ad - permanent and 100% effective

Dis - cannot be reversed

  • surgery required
  • no protection against sti’s
  • expensive and specialist referral needed
43
Q

Morning after pill - ad and disadvantages

A

Ad - useful when other methods have failed

  • fairly effective
  • available over the counter

Dis - emergency use only and effective only up 72 hours of sex
- no protection against sti’s

44
Q

Hormonal contraception for women - advantages and disadvantages

A

Combined pill
Ad - very reliable, regular periods, reduced incidence of ovarian and uterine cancer, unrelated to sexual activity

Dis - doctors prescription needed, taken daily and possible side effects

Mini pill
Ad - reliable and suitable for women who cannot take oestrogen
Dis - taken everyday at the same time

Implanon
Ad - lasts 3 yrs, cheap and nearly 100% effective
Dis - menstrual irregularities and possible side effects

NuvaRing
Ad - reliable and daily pill not required
Dis- regular placement and removal required

Depo - provera/Ralovers
Ad - very effective, convenient, Pepcid cease
Dis - injection cannot be reversed, delay in return to fertility when injections cease, possible side effects

45
Q

What is Abortion?

A

Pregnancy terminated by the removal of the developing embryo after it has implanted is called INDUCED ABORTION

2 methods

  1. 15 minuet Operation done by stretching the cervix and removing the contents of the uterus by suction through the vagina.
    The inside of the uterus is scraped to make sure no contents remained.
  2. Medical abortion uses the drug RU486 (midepristone) which blocks the effects of progesterone responsible for maintaining the pregnancy
    - lining of the uterus breaks down and development of the embryo cannot continue
    - used in conjunction with another drug MISOPROSTOL that causes uterine contractions in an attempt to expel the embryo from the woman’s body.

Drugs are effectively used up to 9 weeks of pregnancy

Women may suffer from emotional changes due to hormonal imbalance and guilt

Not a birth control method for unwanted pregnancies and may be considered appropriate if diagnosed being abnormal

Human Biology Unit 2 - Semester 2 (12 decks)

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