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AandP 2 > Chapter 20 - Cardiovascular system > Flashcards

Chapter 20 - Cardiovascular system Flashcards

1
Q

what is the estimated length of the blood vessels in our body?

A

75,000 miles of blood vessels

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2
Q

where is the heart located?

A

In between th lungs in the mediastinum, with 2/3 of mass to the left of midline

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3
Q

How big is the heart?

A

size of your closed fist

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4
Q

What are the 7 surfaces of the heart?

A

right, left, inferior, anterior, posterior, apex, and base

Apex= bottom
Base=top

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5
Q

fill the blank: the heart is enclosed and held in place by the _______________

A

preicardium

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6
Q

what are the 2 layers of pericardium? what layer surface are they?

A

viceral=the inner layer, on top of the heart
Parietal=surface layer

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7
Q

def: pericarditis

A

Inflammation of the pericardium

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8
Q

name the 3 layers of the heart wall from farthest to closest

A
  1. Epicardium:outer
  2. Myocardium: middle
  3. Endocardium: inner
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9
Q

describe the 3 layers of heart: epicardium, Myocardium, Endocardium

A

Epicardium
 visceral layer of serous pericardium
 adheres to surface of heart
 mesothelium and connective tissue

Myocardium
 cardiac muscle layer
 responsible for pumping

Endocardium
 inner endothelial lining
 covers chambers and valves
 reduces surface friction
 endothelium and connective tissue

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10
Q

def: Myocarditis

A

inflammation of the myocardium;
usually a complication of a viral infection

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11
Q

def: Pericarditis

A

often linked to viral infection;
inflammation of the pericardium; acute of chronic

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12
Q

Def: Endocarditis

A

inflammation of endocardium;
involves heart valves; often bacterial; associated
with heart murmur

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13
Q

Def: Pericardial friction rub

A

scratchy sound;
rubbing of visceral and parietal layers of the
pericardium

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14
Q

What are auricles? they are on the surface of heart

A

they are small pouches on the anterior surfaces of each atrium, which allow them to have higher capacity of blood

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15
Q

What are sulci?

A

they are gtooves that contain blood vessels and fat, and seperate the chambers

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16
Q

What are the 3 sulci located on the heart called?

A
  1. Coronary sulcus
  2. Anterior interventricular sulcus
  3. Posterior interventricular sulcus
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17
Q

name the four chambers of the heart. which are on top and which are on bottom

A

right left atria, right left ventricles
atria on top, ventricles on bottom

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18
Q

explain the function of the right atrium

A

receives blood from superior and inferior vena cava, and the coronary sinus

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19
Q

what valve does the blood pass through, from the right atrium into the right ventricle?

A

the Tricuspid valve

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20
Q

Explain the function of the right ventricle?

A

it receives blood from right atrium and sends it to the lungs un oxygenated

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21
Q

3 tendon types that hold the ventricles from the inside together, and help with stability. what are they called?

A

Trabecular carneae: series of ridges
formed by raised bundles of cardiac
muscle fibers in the ventricles

Chordae tendineae: tendon-like cords
between the papillary muscles and cusps
of the tricuspid valve

Papillary muscle: cone-shaped
trabeculae carneae connected to the
chordae tendineae

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22
Q

Explain function of the left atrium

A

it receives blood from the pulmonary veins, it then passes into the left ventricle

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23
Q

what valve allows blood to pass from the left atrium to the let ventricle?

A

Bicuspid valve

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24
Q

Explain function of the left ventricle.

A

receives blood from left atrium and then sends it all over the body

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25
Q

TorF: the wall of the left ventricle is much thicker than the right ventricle

A

True

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26
Q

What valve allows the blood to pass from the left ventricle to the ascending aorta?

A

Aortic valve(aortic semilunar valve)

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27
Q

What is the fibrous skeleton?

A

It forms the foundation to which the heart valves attach. prevents over-stretching, acts as an electrical insulator

28
Q

What do the right and left atrioventricular valves do?

A

prevent backflow from the ventricles into the atria

29
Q

what do the right and left semilunar valves do?

A

prevent backflow from the arteries to the ventricles

30
Q

fill the blank: a narrowing of a heart valve opening that restricts blood flow is kown as ________

A

stenosis

31
Q

Fill the blank: Failure of a valve to close completely is termed __________________

A

insufficient

32
Q

What disease can damage or destroy heart valves?

A

Rheumatic Fever

33
Q

Def: Ventricles contract

A

semilunar valves open when pressure in the ventricles exceed the pressure in the arteries

34
Q

Def: Ventricles relax

A

blood starts to flow back toward the heart and fills the valves cusps, which causes the valve to close tightly

35
Q

Whats a good way to remember what side of the heart pumps to wich part of the body?

A

Right to Respiratory

Left to Limbs

36
Q

What us Coronary Circulation:

A

it is the flow of blood that pierces the myocardium and is able to deliveer oxygen to this layer

37
Q

the 2 types of coronary’s are…

A

Coronary arterys and coronary veins

38
Q

Def: Angina Pectoris

A

Chest pain from ischemia

39
Q

Def: Myocardial infraction(Heart attack)

A

death of tissue due to lack of blood supply

40
Q

What is it called when cardiac muscle cells are self-excitable?

A

Autorhythmic

41
Q

What do autorhythmic cardiac muscle cells act as?

A

they are pacemakers that set a rhythm for entire heart. they form the conduction system, creating the action potentials in the heart

42
Q

Name the components of the Conduction System(5 of them)

A
  1. Sinoatrial(SA) node: pacemaker
  2. Atrioventricular bundle(bundle of His)
  3. Right and left bundle branches
  4. the subendocardial conducting network(Purkinje fibers)
43
Q

name the order of electrical signal through the components

A

SA - AV - AV bundle - right/left bundle branches - Purkinje fibers

44
Q

What are the 3 parts of action potential in a contractile fiber

A

Rapid depolarization, Plateau, repolarization

45
Q

what does EKG or ECG stand for?

A

electrocardiogram

46
Q

What doe EKG help us with?

A

helps determine if the conduction pathways are abnormal, is heart is too big, and if certain regions are damaged

47
Q

What are the 3 parts that EKG has

A

P wave: atrial depolarization, spread of impulse
from SA node over atria

QRS complex: ventricular depolarization, spread of impulse through ventricles

T wave: ventricular repolarization

48
Q

What does one cardiac cycle consist of

A

A contraction(systole) and relaxation(diastole)

49
Q

What is the Systole?

A

Contraction, blood leaves the ventricles

50
Q

What is the Diastole?

A

relaxation. ventricles fill

51
Q

What is it called when we listen to sounds within the body? what do we use?

A

Auscultaion
Stethoscope

52
Q

What are the 2 haert sounds called? what does each sound represent?

A

there is “S1, lubb” and “S2, dupp”

S1 is created from the blood turbulence associated with the closing of the atrioventricular valves, soon after the ventricular system began

S2 is the closing of the semilunar valves happening around the end of the ventricular systole

The first sound is louder/longer

53
Q

what is a heart murmur?

A

abnormal clicking, rushing or gurgling sound. These are caused by abnormal anatomy or increased volume of flow

54
Q

Explain Isovolumetric relaxation

A

It is the occurence when all 4 valves are closed, and the ventricular blood vloume does not change

55
Q

What is the Cardiac output in a resting adult male? how much higher can it go during exercise?

A

5 L/min

up to 19 L/min

56
Q

Define what is cardiac output?

A

the volume of blood ejected from the left ventricle, ino the aorta each minute

57
Q

Define what is Stroke Volume?

A

The ammount of blood ejected from the left ventricle with each contraction

58
Q

What is the formula to find Cardiac output?

A

CO = SV x HR

59
Q

What are the 3 factors that regulate stroke volume, and what do each one do.

A
  1. Preload: the degree of stretch on the heart before it contracts
  2. Contractility: the forcefulness of
    contraction of individual ventricular muscle fibers
  3. Afterload: the pressure that must be
    exceeded if ejection of blood from the
    ventricles is to occur
60
Q

What is the Frank-Starling Law of the heart

A

it is, that the greater the filling of the heart ventricles, will result in a greater force of contraction

almost like a sling shot

61
Q

What are the 6 factors that affect heart rate

A

Autonomic Nervous system

Chemical regulation

Age

Gender

Physical fitness

temperature

62
Q

What are the 3 things that need to occur, in order for stroke volume to increase?

A

Increased Preload

Increased Contractility

Decreased Afterload

63
Q

What is Coronary artery disease (CAD)

A

when the heart does not receive enough blood due to obstruction, usually from a accumulation of “atherosclerotic plaques” in arteries

64
Q

What is Atherosclerotic plaques

A

thickening of the walls of arteries and loss of elasticity

65
Q

What is arythmyia/disrythmyia

A

abnormal rhythm as a result of a defect in the conduction system of the heart

Bradycardia: too slow

Supraventricular tachycardia: fast but regular heart beat

Atrial flutter: rapid regular atrial contractions

66
Q
A

AandP 2 (2 decks)

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