Chapter 20 - Cardiovascular system Flashcards by Marcus Precup

what is the estimated length of the blood vessels in our body?

75,000 miles of blood vessels

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where is the heart located?

In between th lungs in the mediastinum, with 2/3 of mass to the left of midline

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How big is the heart?

size of your closed fist

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What are the 7 surfaces of the heart?

right, left, inferior, anterior, posterior, apex, and base

Apex= bottom
Base=top

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fill the blank: the heart is enclosed and held in place by the _______________

preicardium

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what are the 2 layers of pericardium? what layer surface are they?

viceral=the inner layer, on top of the heart
Parietal=surface layer

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def: pericarditis

Inflammation of the pericardium

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name the 3 layers of the heart wall from farthest to closest

Epicardium:outer
Myocardium: middle
Endocardium: inner

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describe the 3 layers of heart: epicardium, Myocardium, Endocardium

Epicardium
 visceral layer of serous pericardium
 adheres to surface of heart
 mesothelium and connective tissue

Myocardium
 cardiac muscle layer
 responsible for pumping

Endocardium
 inner endothelial lining
 covers chambers and valves
 reduces surface friction
 endothelium and connective tissue

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def: Myocarditis

inflammation of the myocardium;
usually a complication of a viral infection

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def: Pericarditis

often linked to viral infection;
inflammation of the pericardium; acute of chronic

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Def: Endocarditis

inflammation of endocardium;
involves heart valves; often bacterial; associated
with heart murmur

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Def: Pericardial friction rub

scratchy sound;
rubbing of visceral and parietal layers of the
pericardium

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What are auricles? they are on the surface of heart

they are small pouches on the anterior surfaces of each atrium, which allow them to have higher capacity of blood

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What are sulci?

they are gtooves that contain blood vessels and fat, and seperate the chambers

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What are the 3 sulci located on the heart called?

Coronary sulcus
Anterior interventricular sulcus
Posterior interventricular sulcus

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name the four chambers of the heart. which are on top and which are on bottom

right left atria, right left ventricles
atria on top, ventricles on bottom

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explain the function of the right atrium

receives blood from superior and inferior vena cava, and the coronary sinus

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what valve does the blood pass through, from the right atrium into the right ventricle?

the Tricuspid valve

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Explain the function of the right ventricle?

it receives blood from right atrium and sends it to the lungs un oxygenated

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3 tendon types that hold the ventricles from the inside together, and help with stability. what are they called?

Trabecular carneae: series of ridges
formed by raised bundles of cardiac
muscle fibers in the ventricles

Chordae tendineae: tendon-like cords
between the papillary muscles and cusps
of the tricuspid valve

Papillary muscle: cone-shaped
trabeculae carneae connected to the
chordae tendineae

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Explain function of the left atrium

it receives blood from the pulmonary veins, it then passes into the left ventricle

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what valve allows blood to pass from the left atrium to the let ventricle?

Bicuspid valve

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Explain function of the left ventricle.

receives blood from left atrium and then sends it all over the body

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TorF: the wall of the left ventricle is much thicker than the right ventricle

True

What valve allows the blood to pass from the left ventricle to the ascending aorta?

Aortic valve(aortic semilunar valve)

What is the fibrous skeleton?

It forms the foundation to which the heart valves attach. prevents over-stretching, acts as an electrical insulator

What do the right and left atrioventricular valves do?

prevent backflow from the ventricles into the atria

what do the right and left semilunar valves do?

prevent backflow from the arteries to the ventricles

fill the blank: a narrowing of a heart valve opening that restricts blood flow is kown as ________

stenosis

Fill the blank: Failure of a valve to close completely is termed __________________

insufficient

What disease can damage or destroy heart valves?

Rheumatic Fever

Def: Ventricles contract

semilunar valves open when pressure in the ventricles exceed the pressure in the arteries

Def: Ventricles relax

blood starts to flow back toward the heart and fills the valves cusps, which causes the valve to close tightly

Whats a good way to remember what side of the heart pumps to wich part of the body?

Right to Respiratory Left to Limbs

What us Coronary Circulation:

it is the flow of blood that pierces the myocardium and is able to deliveer oxygen to this layer

the 2 types of coronary's are...

Coronary arterys and coronary veins

Def: Angina Pectoris

Chest pain from ischemia

Def: Myocardial infraction(Heart attack)

death of tissue due to lack of blood supply

What is it called when cardiac muscle cells are self-excitable?

Autorhythmic

What do autorhythmic cardiac muscle cells act as?

they are pacemakers that set a rhythm for entire heart. they form the conduction system, creating the action potentials in the heart

Name the components of the Conduction System(5 of them)

1. Sinoatrial(SA) node: pacemaker 2. Atrioventricular bundle(bundle of His) 3. Right and left bundle branches 4. the subendocardial conducting network(Purkinje fibers)

name the order of electrical signal through the components

SA - AV - AV bundle - right/left bundle branches - Purkinje fibers

What are the 3 parts of action potential in a contractile fiber

Rapid depolarization, Plateau, repolarization

what does EKG or ECG stand for?

electrocardiogram

What doe EKG help us with?

helps determine if the conduction pathways are abnormal, is heart is too big, and if certain regions are damaged

What are the 3 parts that EKG has

P wave: atrial depolarization, spread of impulse from SA node over atria QRS complex: ventricular depolarization, spread of impulse through ventricles T wave: ventricular repolarization

What does one cardiac cycle consist of

A contraction(systole) and relaxation(diastole)

What is the Systole?

Contraction, blood leaves the ventricles

What is the Diastole?

relaxation. ventricles fill

What is it called when we listen to sounds within the body? what do we use?

Auscultaion Stethoscope

What are the 2 haert sounds called? what does each sound represent?

there is "S1, lubb" and "S2, dupp" S1 is created from the blood turbulence associated with the closing of the atrioventricular valves, soon after the ventricular system began S2 is the closing of the semilunar valves happening around the end of the ventricular systole The first sound is louder/longer

what is a heart murmur?

abnormal clicking, rushing or gurgling sound. These are caused by abnormal anatomy or increased volume of flow

Explain Isovolumetric relaxation

It is the occurence when all 4 valves are closed, and the ventricular blood vloume does not change

What is the Cardiac output in a resting adult male? how much higher can it go during exercise?

5 L/min up to 19 L/min

Define what is cardiac output?

the volume of blood ejected from the left ventricle, ino the aorta each minute

Define what is Stroke Volume?

The ammount of blood ejected from the left ventricle with each contraction

What is the formula to find Cardiac output?

CO = SV x HR

What are the 3 factors that regulate stroke volume, and what do each one do.

1. Preload: the degree of stretch on the heart before it contracts 2. Contractility: the forcefulness of contraction of individual ventricular muscle fibers 3. Afterload: the pressure that must be exceeded if ejection of blood from the ventricles is to occur

What is the Frank-Starling Law of the heart

it is, that the greater the filling of the heart ventricles, will result in a greater force of contraction almost like a sling shot

What are the 6 factors that affect heart rate

Autonomic Nervous system Chemical regulation Age Gender Physical fitness temperature

What are the 3 things that need to occur, in order for stroke volume to increase?

Increased Preload Increased Contractility Decreased Afterload

What is Coronary artery disease (CAD)

when the heart does not receive enough blood due to obstruction, usually from a accumulation of "atherosclerotic plaques" in arteries

What is Atherosclerotic plaques

thickening of the walls of arteries and loss of elasticity

What is arythmyia/disrythmyia

abnormal rhythm as a result of a defect in the conduction system of the heart Bradycardia: too slow Supraventricular tachycardia: fast but regular heart beat Atrial flutter: rapid regular atrial contractions