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AP World History > Chapter 20 Atlantic Slave Trade > Flashcards

Chapter 20 Atlantic Slave Trade Flashcards

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1
Q

A. Mahommah Gardo Baquaqua – symbol of slavery

A
  1. Muslim trader > African slavery > African slave trade > Missionary
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2
Q

B. Impact of outsiders on Africa

A
  1. Islam first, then African developed at own pace, West had big impact
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3
Q

C. Influence of Europe

A
  1. Path of Africa becomes linked to European world economy
  2. Diaspora – mass exodus of people leaving homeland
  3. Slave trade dominated interactions
  4. Not all of Africa affected to the same degree
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4
Q

D. Effects of global interactions

A
  1. Forced movement of Africans improved Western economies
  2. Transfer of African culture > adapted to create new culture
  3. Most of African still remained politically independent
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5
Q

E. Trends

A
  1. Islam increased position in East
  2. Christianity stayed in Ethiopia
  3. Growth of African kingdoms
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6
Q

II. The Atlantic Slave Trade

A

A. Introduction
B. Trend Toward Expansion
C. Demographic Patterns
D. Organization of the Trade

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7
Q
  1. Portuguese voyagers
A
  1. Set up forts – fairly low scale – not huge impact initially
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8
Q
  1. Traders
A
  1. Ivory, pepper, animal skins gold for slaves initially
  2. Mulattos and Portuguese gradually spread inland
  3. Commerce leads to political, social, religious relations
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9
Q
  1. Commerce leads to political, social, religious relations
A
  1. Impressed by power of many interior kingdoms – Benin

2. Attempts at Christian conversion

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10
Q
  1. Attempts at Christian conversion
A

a. Kongo most successful – king and kingdom converted
b. Ambassadors/exchange of ideas
c. Oddly, relationship ends when Kongo people get enslaved

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11
Q
  1. First contact – preconceptions, appreciation, curiosity
A
  1. Portuguese looked strange, some tribes started portraying them artistically
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12
Q
  1. Portuguese exploration
A
  1. Set up Portuguese settlements on the West coast

2. Goal primarily commercial/military, but also missionary

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13
Q
  1. Patterns of contact – shared ideas
A
  1. fortified trading stations
  2. combination of force and diplomacy
  3. alliances with local rulers
  4. predominance of commercial relations - $ uniting factor – that’s odd
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14
Q
  1. History of African slave trade
A
  1. Slavery existed in Rome, replaced by serfdom in Middle Ages
  2. Brought to Mediterranean intermittently by Iberian peninsula
  3. After 1441, became common trading item
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15
Q
  1. After 1441, became common trading item
A

a. trade more effective than raids

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16
Q
  1. Added impetus
A
  1. sugar plantations in Atlantic islands off Africa creates need
  2. Later adapted to Americas
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17
Q
  1. Numbers of slave
A

a. 1450-1850 – 12 million slaves shipped
b. Mortality rate 10-20% on ships
c. Largest period in 18th century – 7 million

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18
Q

b. Mortality rate 10-20% on ships

A

a. Millions more die in capture process/resulting wars

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19
Q
  1. Reason for high volume
A

a. Mortality rates high
b. Fertility low
c. Reproduction level higher in S. USA

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20
Q

c. Reproduction level higher in S. USA

A

a. Different labor – not sugar plantations, mining
b. Reproduction encouraged
c. Milder climate
d. More concentration - 80-90% of pop in L. America, 25% in Brit America

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21
Q
  1. Reasons for shifts in volume
A

a. Sugar made Caribbean major terminal

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22
Q
  1. Regions of concentration
A

a. Brazil/Caribbean major destinations

b. 3 million slaves also as part of Red Sea, Muslim trade, trans-Sahara

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23
Q
  1. Types of captives
A

a. Trans-Saharan focused on women

b. Atlantic slave trade focused on men

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24
Q

b. Atlantic slave trade focused on men

A

a. Heavy labor
b. High mortality of children – didn’t want
c. W/ capture – African tribes liked to keep women/children for self

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25
Q
  1. Demographic effects
A

a. Population cut by 50%
b. Becomes skewed toward more women
c. New crops – maize/manioc allowed numbers to recover

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26
Q
  1. Relation to European power
A

a. As Dutch/British emerge as power in Europe – want control of slave trade
b. Each has agents and forts

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27
Q

a. As Dutch/British emerge as power in Europe – want control of slave trade

A
  1. British – Royal African Company
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28
Q
  1. Merchant towns
A

a. Mortality rates quite high – tropical diseases - malaria

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29
Q
  1. Connections between Europeans and African traders
A

a. Indies piece – basis of currency = adult male, everything related to that
b. Brought to coast
c. Collaboration – European or African domination

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30
Q

b. Brought to coast

A
  1. African/mulatto agents purchased captives interior
  2. Some taxed movement of slaves
  3. Some states tried to establish monopolies
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31
Q
  1. Profitability of slave trade
A

a. Yes, profitable
b. But…still dangerous, with risks
c. However…a huge part of triangular trade

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32
Q

a. Yes, profitable

A

a. Up to 300% for slaving voyage

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33
Q

b. But…still dangerous, with risks

A

a. On average 5-10% growth, better than other ventures

b. Didn’t contribute a ton to $ for Industrial Revolution

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34
Q

c. However…a huge part of triangular trade

A

a. Led to increased production
b. Economies needed cog in the cycle
c. Huge part of increasingly integrated world economy

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35
Q
  1. African forms of servitude
A

a. Variety of forms of servitude from peasant status to chattel (property) slavery
b. Method of increasing wealth – land owned by state
c. Variety of uses – servants, concubines, soldiers, administrators, field workers
d. Some slaves part of lineage system
e. Some exploited

36
Q
  1. African forms of servitude
A

f. Denied choice about lives/actions
g. Enslavement of women central feature
h. Sudanic states - Muslim
i. Rarely enslaved own people, usually neighboring tribes

37
Q

g. Enslavement of women central feature

A

a. Used to extend lineage

b. Led to polygamy/harems

38
Q

h. Sudanic states - Muslim

A

a. Slavery legal for nonbelievers, illegal for Muslims

39
Q

a. Slavery legal for nonbelievers, illegal for Muslims

A
  1. But…still some Muslims were enslaved
40
Q

i. Rarely enslaved own people, usually neighboring tribes

A

a. Expanding states major suppliers

41
Q
  1. Relation between preexisting slavery and new slave trade
A

a. Pre-existing condition could be readily tapped by Europeans

42
Q

B. Slaving and African Politics

A
  1. Intensified enslavement and altered nature of slavery
  2. Many competing city-states
  3. Results
43
Q
  1. Many competing city-states
A

a. Military importance

b. Some historians argue that slavery led to more wars

44
Q
  1. Results
A

a. Europe blocked coastal states from gaining to much political/economic power
b. Interior kingdoms gained more power – turned to cycle of guns for slaves

45
Q

C. Asante and Dahomey

A
  1. Asante on Gold Coast – example of empire that benefited from slave trade
  2. Benin – controlled slavery, but never let dominate
  3. Dahomey – controlled slavery by royal court – 1.8 million slaves
  4. Creativity emerges with centralized states
46
Q
  1. Asante on Gold Coast – example of empire that benefited from slave trade
A

a. Controlled gold and slave trade

b. Osei Tutu – 1717 – asantehene – supreme religious/civil ruler

47
Q
  1. Creativity emerges with centralized states
A

a. Leaders challenged by local officials

b. Art flourished – oftentimes patronized by royal courts

48
Q

b. Art flourished – oftentimes patronized by royal courts

A
  1. Some art purchased by nobles
49
Q

D. East Africa and the Sudan

A
  1. Swahili Coast – East Coast
  2. Slave trade existed
  3. Some island plantations emerged off coast of Africa
  4. Interior area not as affected
  5. Islamization enters violent phase in 18th century
50
Q
  1. Swahili Coast – East Coast
A

a. Commercial centers come under control of Ottomans and Portuguese

51
Q
  1. Slave trade existed
A

a. Most to harems of Arabia

b. Some to Portuguese plantations

52
Q
  1. Islamization enters violent phase in 18th century
A

a. Reform movement

b. Effects

53
Q

b. Effects

A
  1. New political units
  2. New Islam eliminated pagan practices
  3. Literacy spread
54
Q

IV. White Settlers and Africans in Southern Africa

A

A. Introduction

B. The Mfecane and the Zulu Rise to Power

55
Q

A. Introduction

A
  1. Southern Africa barely affected
  2. Politically chiefdoms
  3. Dutch East India Company creates plantations in the South – Cape Colony
56
Q
  1. Politically chiefdoms
A

a. Process of expansion as relatives spread

57
Q
  1. Dutch East India Company creates plantations in the South – Cape Colony
A

a. As Dutch farmers, Boers/Afrikaners, pushed further inland – conflict
b. In great trek – Boers moved far north to be free of Dutch rule

58
Q

B. The Mfecane and the Zulu Rise to Power

A
  1. Shaka Zulu – iron discipline + new tactics takes over surrounding areas
  2. Mfecane – wars of crushing and wandering
  3. Pattern of conflict in the South
59
Q
  1. Shaka Zulu – iron discipline + new tactics takes over surrounding areas
A

a. Erratic, cruel behavior brought region under control – created enemies

60
Q
  1. Mfecane – wars of crushing and wandering
A

a. Forced migrations and campaigns led to conflicts

61
Q
  1. Pattern of conflict in the South
A

a. competition between settlers and Africans for land
b. expanding influence of European government control
c. desire of Europeans to use Africans as laborers

62
Q

V. The African Diaspora

A

the following cards

63
Q

A. Introduction

A
  1. Trade
64
Q
  1. Trade
A

a. Imports: European firearms, Indian textiles, Indonesian cowrie shells, American tobacco
b. Exports: ivory, gold, slaves

65
Q

b. Exports: ivory, gold, slaves

A
  1. Price of these items steadily grew – benefited traders
66
Q

B. Slave Lives

A
  1. Separation from friends/family
  2. Forced march to coastal pens
  3. Middle Passage – traumatic – up to 20% mortality
  4. Retained languages, beliefs, traditions, memories
67
Q
  1. Middle Passage – traumatic – up to 20% mortality
A

a. Poor hygiene
b. Dysentery
c. Disease
d. Bad treatment
e. Reaction – suicide/mutiny

68
Q

C. Africans in the Americas

A
  1. Large plantations – sugar, rice, cotton, tobacco
  2. Mining
  3. Replaced indigenous people/indentured servitude
  4. Most agricultural, but some artisans, street vendors, household servants
69
Q

D. American Slave Societies

A
  1. Saltwater slaves – African-born

2. Creole slaves – American-born

70
Q
  1. Creole slaves – American-born
A

a. Mulattos
b. Sexual exploitation
c. Miscegenation

71
Q
  1. Hierarchy based on skin color – race
A

a. Free whites down to darkest slaves

b. Creoles/mulattoes given more freedom

72
Q
  1. Variety of slavery in Americas
A

a. Peru – blacks outnumber
b. Caribbean – vastly outnumbered
c. Brazil – large population

73
Q

c. Brazil – large population

A
  1. More diverse
  2. tradition of manumission
  3. More miscegenation
    d. USA South – depended more on reproduction less on imports
74
Q

d. USA South – depended more on reproduction less on imports

A
  1. less dependent on Africa

2. reduced degree of African cultural reinforcement

75
Q

E. The People and Gods in Exile

A
  1. Family problems
  2. Afro-American roots – African culture + new reality
  3. Religion
76
Q
  1. Family problems
A

a. Males outnumber females – maybe 3 to 1
b. Families sold away at whim
c. Marriages not legally/religiously sanctioned

77
Q
  1. Religion
A

a. Converted to Catholicism in Spain/Portugal
b. But…maintained old
c. Adaptation of old
d. Harder for Muslim Africans to maintain

78
Q

b. But…maintained old

A
  1. obeah - English islands – maintain African practices
79
Q

c. Adaptation of old

A
  1. Don’t have all the priestly class immigrate

2. Held both beliefs

80
Q
  1. Resistance and Rebellion
A

a. Running away
b. Direct confrontation
c. Feigned laziness

81
Q

a. Running away

A
  1. Some create runaway kingdoms
82
Q

b. Direct confrontation

A
  1. Most famous – Suriname – former Dutch plantation colony
83
Q

F. The End of the Slave Trade and the Abolition of Slavery

A
  1. Result of economic, political and religious changes
  2. Based on factors beyond Africans control
  3. Africans begin to trade other items – peanuts, cotton, palm oil
  4. Enlightenment – seen as backward and immoral – slave trade symbolized cruelty
  5. England led change – William Wilberforce – abolitionist
84
Q
  1. Based on factors beyond Africans control
A

a. Enlightenment, age of revolution, Christian revivalism, Industrial Revolution

85
Q
  1. England led change – William Wilberforce – abolitionist
A

a. Pressured other countries

b. 1888 finally abolished in Brazil

86
Q

VI. Global Connections

A

A. Africa and the African Diaspora in World Context

87
Q

A. Africa and the African Diaspora in World Context

A
  1. Africa placed at a disadvantage in world markets
  2. Movement of millions of people
  3. Created vibrant new cultural forms
  4. Altered political, economic structures

AP World History (3 decks)

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