Chapter 17 The Transformation Of The West Flashcards
1450-1750 dramatic changes
- Still agricultural
- commercially active
- manufacturing base
- science as center of society
- shifting ideas of family/nature
- increased bureaucratization sound familiar
Reasons for change
- Dominance of international trade
- overseas expansion
- combination of commerce state culture tech
- 1450-1650 series of cultural shifts
- 1650-1750 scientific revolution> enlightenment
The Italian Renaissance
• artistic movement
• challenged medieval values/styles
- examine old truths
Why in Italy?
- Urban, commercial economy
* competitive city states- an arts race?
New themes
- writing in Latin
- secular subjects- love/pride
- classical/human centered themes
- religion declined as focus
- Humanism- humankind as focus of intellectual/artistic
Political theory- Niccolo Machiavelli
• end justifies means- better to be feared than loved
Other effects
- Improved Banking techniques
- merchants more profit seeking
- political rule based on ability to improve well being/city’s glory
- professional armies/improved tech- conflict among city states
- Diplomacy- exchange of ambassadors
Fall of Italian Power
- French and Spanish invasions
- Atlantic trade routes reduces Mediterranean importance
- spread to north- France Germany England
The Renaissance moved northward
• classical art/architecture
• Greek/Latin literature
• humanists wrote in vernacular- own language
• writers more popular culture- low brow- Shakespeare
- bodily functions
- human passions
- set new classics
Political change> toward greater state power
- Revenue increase > greater ceremony/pomp aka blowing $
- Kings - Francis I - patrons of architecture
- state sponsored trading companies
- military conquest
- feudal/Religious justifications not as important as state
Renaissance effects
- kings still restricted by power of local lords
- peasants not touched by renaissance values
- economics same
- men more bravado- women more domestic
Technological Changes
- learned from asia
- pulleys/pump for mine
- stronger iron
Printing Press- Johannes Gutenburg- movable type
- books helped expand renaissance
- literacy gained ground
- source for new thinking
Family Structure
- european style family
- late marriage
- nuclear families not extended
Goals/ reasons
- limit birth/family size
- husband/wife importance
- linked family to property holdings- can’t marry till hold property
Protestant reformation
- martin luther- 1517- german monk 95 theses
- indulgences
- only faith brings salvation
- sacraments not important
- monasticism wrong
- translate bible to vernacular
Why did people buy into luther’s views- political
leaders
- nationalists- don’t want pope’s taxes
- gain more power over Holy Roman Empire
- seize church lands
- state control of church
why did ordinary people buy into luther’s views
- justification for rebellion against lords- luther’s response?
- notion of work- other careers seen as positives
- moneymaking ok
- christians bias against moneymaking- christ’s view of rich?
Anglican church
- henry VII has marriage/fertility issues- takes his ball and goes home
Henry VII has marriage/fertility issues…
- women disposed of easily for political reasons
- daughter elizabeth I- protestant
- jean calvin- geneva, switzerland - predestination
- catholic reformation- more severe or more open?
Jean Calvin- Geneva, switzerland- predestination
- priests as moral guiders
- local believers participate in church administration
- education to read bible
- these would be your Puritans/Pilgrims with the Thanksgiving hats
Catholic reformation- more severe or more open?
- special council meetings
- revived catholic doctrine
- restated importance of sacraments
- tried to get rid of superstition/magical beliefs
- jesuits- politics, education, missionary work
Germany - thirty years war
- 1618 german protestant vs Holy Roman Emperor
- destroyed german power/population
- treaty of westphalia 1648- princes can choose
English civil war- 1640s
- religious problems combined with
- parliament wants power