Chapter 17 The Transformation Of The West Flashcards

1
Q

1450-1750 dramatic changes

A
  • Still agricultural
  • commercially active
  • manufacturing base
  • science as center of society
  • shifting ideas of family/nature
  • increased bureaucratization sound familiar
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2
Q

Reasons for change

A
  • Dominance of international trade
  • overseas expansion
  • combination of commerce state culture tech
  • 1450-1650 series of cultural shifts
  • 1650-1750 scientific revolution> enlightenment
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3
Q

The Italian Renaissance

A

• artistic movement
• challenged medieval values/styles
- examine old truths

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4
Q

Why in Italy?

A
  • Urban, commercial economy

* competitive city states- an arts race?

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5
Q

New themes

A
  • writing in Latin
  • secular subjects- love/pride
  • classical/human centered themes
  • religion declined as focus
  • Humanism- humankind as focus of intellectual/artistic
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6
Q

Political theory- Niccolo Machiavelli

A

• end justifies means- better to be feared than loved

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7
Q

Other effects

A
  • Improved Banking techniques
  • merchants more profit seeking
  • political rule based on ability to improve well being/city’s glory
  • professional armies/improved tech- conflict among city states
  • Diplomacy- exchange of ambassadors
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8
Q

Fall of Italian Power

A
  • French and Spanish invasions
  • Atlantic trade routes reduces Mediterranean importance
  • spread to north- France Germany England
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9
Q

The Renaissance moved northward

A

• classical art/architecture
• Greek/Latin literature
• humanists wrote in vernacular- own language
• writers more popular culture- low brow- Shakespeare
- bodily functions
- human passions
- set new classics

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10
Q

Political change> toward greater state power

A
  • Revenue increase > greater ceremony/pomp aka blowing $
  • Kings - Francis I - patrons of architecture
  • state sponsored trading companies
  • military conquest
  • feudal/Religious justifications not as important as state
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11
Q

Renaissance effects

A
  • kings still restricted by power of local lords
  • peasants not touched by renaissance values
  • economics same
  • men more bravado- women more domestic
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12
Q

Technological Changes

A
  • learned from asia
    • pulleys/pump for mine
    • stronger iron
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13
Q

Printing Press- Johannes Gutenburg- movable type

A
  • books helped expand renaissance
  • literacy gained ground
  • source for new thinking
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14
Q

Family Structure

A
  • european style family
    • late marriage
    • nuclear families not extended
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15
Q

Goals/ reasons

A
  • limit birth/family size
  • husband/wife importance
  • linked family to property holdings- can’t marry till hold property
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16
Q

Protestant reformation

A
  • martin luther- 1517- german monk 95 theses
    • indulgences
    • only faith brings salvation
    • sacraments not important
    • monasticism wrong
    • translate bible to vernacular
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17
Q

Why did people buy into luther’s views- political

leaders

A
  • nationalists- don’t want pope’s taxes
  • gain more power over Holy Roman Empire
  • seize church lands
  • state control of church
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18
Q

why did ordinary people buy into luther’s views

A
  • justification for rebellion against lords- luther’s response?
  • notion of work- other careers seen as positives
  • moneymaking ok
  • christians bias against moneymaking- christ’s view of rich?
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19
Q

Anglican church

A
  • henry VII has marriage/fertility issues- takes his ball and goes home
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20
Q

Henry VII has marriage/fertility issues…

A
  • women disposed of easily for political reasons
  • daughter elizabeth I- protestant
  • jean calvin- geneva, switzerland - predestination
  • catholic reformation- more severe or more open?
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21
Q

Jean Calvin- Geneva, switzerland- predestination

A
  • priests as moral guiders
  • local believers participate in church administration
  • education to read bible
  • these would be your Puritans/Pilgrims with the Thanksgiving hats
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22
Q

Catholic reformation- more severe or more open?

A
  • special council meetings
  • revived catholic doctrine
  • restated importance of sacraments
  • tried to get rid of superstition/magical beliefs
  • jesuits- politics, education, missionary work
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23
Q

Germany - thirty years war

A
  • 1618 german protestant vs Holy Roman Emperor
    • destroyed german power/population
    • treaty of westphalia 1648- princes can choose
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24
Q

English civil war- 1640s

A
  • religious problems combined with

- parliament wants power

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25
Effects of religious wars
- limited acceptance of religious pluralism - religious doubts - more than one way to see god - shift in power- france, england, netherlands up, spain/italy down
26
Effects of religious wars cont
- philosophical changes - women's rights - growing literacy
27
Philosophical changes
- less connection between god and nature | - focus on family life- love husband/woman
28
Women's rights
- more emphasis on happy marriage - emphasis on affection - but... no more converts, fewer options- must get married
29
New world economy- greater commercialization
- increased trade | - new goods
30
Causes
- increased inflation - import of gold and silver- prices up - new wealth needs new products - borrowing cheap- companies take more risks- easier to pay back - great trading companies - increased purchasing power of ordinary citizens
31
Great trading companies
- new profits - new managerial skills - colonial markets
32
Colonial markets
- agricultural specialty areas- not just self sufficient - gradual switch to commercial farming - specialization in villages/cities
33
Increased purchasing power of ordinary citizens
- 1600 west 5x as much as Southern european | - furniture, wine
34
Growing proletariat-people without access to property
- population growth/inflation - people had to sell property - became manufacturers - became paid laborers - cities - beggars/wandering poor
35
Popular Protest results
- demanded protection from poverty/loss of property
36
effects of 17th century protests
- social tension | - unites peasants through songs, common causes
37
Witchcraft persecution- 17th century
- europe/new england - method of blaming poor - conflict about family/role of women
38
Scientific Revolution
- affected intellectual life | - promoted change in popular outlook
39
did copernicus copy?
- copernicus- heliocentric theory - new thinking- proved greeks - copied from muslims or chinese, indian, mayan or independent? - science becomes more a focus of Europe than anywhere else
40
Science: the new authority
- scientific research can overrule/test existing theories - Galileo- conflict w/ church over laws of gravity - william harvey- circulatory system around heart - rene descartes - human reason can develop laws- accept nothing - 1587- issac newton- principia mathematica- summarized theories/observations
41
Isacc newton- principia mathematica
- laws of motion, gravity - rational hypothesis + generalizations based on experiments - laws not blind faith
42
Effects
- lectures/manuals for layman - witchcraft seen as ridiculous - people control/calculate environment - doctors based more on scientific diagnosis- no more nutjobs - lost and found section of newspaper - attacks on religion
43
Attacks on religion
- miracles don't make sense - deism- great clockmaker in the sky - john locke- faith irrelevant- just need senses/reason
44
why is this unique?
- china/muslim had science for practical reasons - europe- more pure science, understanding world - west as center of advancement
45
Feudal monarchies come to an end
- Nobles lose influence after wars | - heavy wars require more taxes/better administration
46
Absolute Monarchy
- modeled after France
47
Modeled after France
- Parliament doesn't meet - blew up castles - bureaucracy from merchants/lawyers - appointed representatives to provinces - professionalized army - King Louis XIV- "i am the state"
48
Professionalized army
- formal training officers- no longer nobility - uniforms and support - military hospitals/pensions- hotel des Invalides
49
King Louis XIV- i am the state
- patron of the arts - government has political role - versailles- keep nobles busy - mercantilism- protect economy of nation - borrowed in spain, prussia,(Germany today), austria-hungary(Hapsburg)
50
Mercantilism- protect economy of nation
- reduce internal tariffs - support manufacturing - limit imports from other nations- lose money
51
limit imports from other nations- lose money
- heavy import taxes | - need colonies for natural resources/market
52
Borrowed in Spain, Prussia(Germany today), Austria-Hungary(Hapsburg)
- focus on military, expansion/protection
53
Parliamentary Monarchy
- Britain/Netherlands - Central State plus parliamentary had power - England- civil wars - glorious revolution
54
England- civil wars- glorious revolution
- parliament sovereign over king(slowly becomes figurehead) | - meets regularly
55
Changing political theory
- John Locke - Rousseau- right to protest - notions of limits to central authority
56
John Locke
- power from people | - social contract between state and people to protect property
57
The Nation State
- common culture/language - loyalty linked by cultural/political bonds - citizens believed govt should act for their interests - kept Europe divided and often at war
58
Citizens believed govt should act for their interests
- france- bad harvest- states should do something
59
Political Patterns- became stagnant
- england- parliamentary routine- fight for power - france- unable to tax nobles, church - central europe- greater change - continued war- link between states and war
60
central europe- greater change
- Prussia- frederick the great- enlightened despot
61
Prussia- frederick the great- enlightened despot
- greater religious freedom - better agriculture- potato - commercial coordination - harsh punishments cut back
62
Enlightenment thought and popular culture
- France and Western Europe
63
France and Western Europe
- applying scientific thought to human society
64
applying scientific thought to human society
- rational laws to describe social/physical behavior
65
rational laws to describe social/physical behavior
- criminologists- criminals should be rehabilitated - political scientists- careful constitutions to govern best - economics
66
Economics
- adam smith- wealth of nations
67
Adam Smith- wealth of nations
- competition good - government avoid regulation - let initiative and market forces work - denis diderot- encyclopedie
68
Basic principles of human affairs
- humans good - educated to be better - religions that rely on faith are bad - attacked Catholic Church - progress possible if people set free
69
feminist thinkers
- Salons - Mary Wollstonecraft - new political rights for women - journals written by women for women - men to blame for women's lowly position
70
Changes in habits/beliefs
- reading clubs/salons - treat kids nicer - love between family members - emotional bond in marriage
71
treat kids nicer
- less swaddling | - educational toys/books
72
emotional bond in marriage
- move away from arranged marriages
73
Ongoing Change in Commerce and Manufacturing
- purchasing- more processed products - entertainment- pay for live entertainment - status improves - new agriculture - 3 fold not as effective - increased manufacturing - colonial trade + internal commerce - capitalism - invest in funds for profit - population increase
74
New agriculture - 3 fold not as effective
- drain swamps - technology - fertilizer, seed drills, stockbreeding - potato - improved food supply, delay due to Bible
75
Increased manufacturing - colonial trade + Internal commerce
- domestic system - done in homes, collected individually - replaced by factories- moving towards industrial revolution - manufacturers begin organizing labor - how best to make money
76
Innovation and Instability
- changes in stronger gov'ts that supported economics - reevaluation of family/children's roles - political roles - enlightenment - what's in my place in gov't - unusual agricultural society- changes in commercial, cultural, and political world
77
reevaluation of family/children's roles
- children newly empowered, grow up to question system
78
Global Connections
- 1450 Christianity makes them superior, but why do other civilizations have better cities/economies - 1750 - believed their rational thought better than superstitions of others - changed views of europe and others toward selves
79
1750 - believed their rational thought better than superstitions of others
- most civilizations backward | - how cute - noble savage and exotic animals