Chapter 17 The Transformation Of The West Flashcards
1450-1750 dramatic changes
- Still agricultural
- commercially active
- manufacturing base
- science as center of society
- shifting ideas of family/nature
- increased bureaucratization sound familiar
Reasons for change
- Dominance of international trade
- overseas expansion
- combination of commerce state culture tech
- 1450-1650 series of cultural shifts
- 1650-1750 scientific revolution> enlightenment
The Italian Renaissance
• artistic movement
• challenged medieval values/styles
- examine old truths
Why in Italy?
- Urban, commercial economy
* competitive city states- an arts race?
New themes
- writing in Latin
- secular subjects- love/pride
- classical/human centered themes
- religion declined as focus
- Humanism- humankind as focus of intellectual/artistic
Political theory- Niccolo Machiavelli
• end justifies means- better to be feared than loved
Other effects
- Improved Banking techniques
- merchants more profit seeking
- political rule based on ability to improve well being/city’s glory
- professional armies/improved tech- conflict among city states
- Diplomacy- exchange of ambassadors
Fall of Italian Power
- French and Spanish invasions
- Atlantic trade routes reduces Mediterranean importance
- spread to north- France Germany England
The Renaissance moved northward
• classical art/architecture
• Greek/Latin literature
• humanists wrote in vernacular- own language
• writers more popular culture- low brow- Shakespeare
- bodily functions
- human passions
- set new classics
Political change> toward greater state power
- Revenue increase > greater ceremony/pomp aka blowing $
- Kings - Francis I - patrons of architecture
- state sponsored trading companies
- military conquest
- feudal/Religious justifications not as important as state
Renaissance effects
- kings still restricted by power of local lords
- peasants not touched by renaissance values
- economics same
- men more bravado- women more domestic
Technological Changes
- learned from asia
- pulleys/pump for mine
- stronger iron
Printing Press- Johannes Gutenburg- movable type
- books helped expand renaissance
- literacy gained ground
- source for new thinking
Family Structure
- european style family
- late marriage
- nuclear families not extended
Goals/ reasons
- limit birth/family size
- husband/wife importance
- linked family to property holdings- can’t marry till hold property
Protestant reformation
- martin luther- 1517- german monk 95 theses
- indulgences
- only faith brings salvation
- sacraments not important
- monasticism wrong
- translate bible to vernacular
Why did people buy into luther’s views- political
leaders
- nationalists- don’t want pope’s taxes
- gain more power over Holy Roman Empire
- seize church lands
- state control of church
why did ordinary people buy into luther’s views
- justification for rebellion against lords- luther’s response?
- notion of work- other careers seen as positives
- moneymaking ok
- christians bias against moneymaking- christ’s view of rich?
Anglican church
- henry VII has marriage/fertility issues- takes his ball and goes home
Henry VII has marriage/fertility issues…
- women disposed of easily for political reasons
- daughter elizabeth I- protestant
- jean calvin- geneva, switzerland - predestination
- catholic reformation- more severe or more open?
Jean Calvin- Geneva, switzerland- predestination
- priests as moral guiders
- local believers participate in church administration
- education to read bible
- these would be your Puritans/Pilgrims with the Thanksgiving hats
Catholic reformation- more severe or more open?
- special council meetings
- revived catholic doctrine
- restated importance of sacraments
- tried to get rid of superstition/magical beliefs
- jesuits- politics, education, missionary work
Germany - thirty years war
- 1618 german protestant vs Holy Roman Emperor
- destroyed german power/population
- treaty of westphalia 1648- princes can choose
English civil war- 1640s
- religious problems combined with
- parliament wants power
Effects of religious wars
- limited acceptance of religious pluralism
- religious doubts - more than one way to see god
- shift in power- france, england, netherlands up, spain/italy down
Effects of religious wars cont
- philosophical changes
- women’s rights
- growing literacy
Philosophical changes
- less connection between god and nature
- focus on family life- love husband/woman
Women’s rights
- more emphasis on happy marriage
- emphasis on affection
- but… no more converts, fewer options- must get married
New world economy- greater commercialization
- increased trade
- new goods
Causes
- increased inflation
- import of gold and silver- prices up
- new wealth needs new products
- borrowing cheap- companies take more risks- easier to pay back
- great trading companies
- increased purchasing power of ordinary citizens
Great trading companies
- new profits
- new managerial skills
- colonial markets
Colonial markets
- agricultural specialty areas- not just self sufficient
- gradual switch to commercial farming
- specialization in villages/cities
Increased purchasing power of ordinary citizens
- 1600 west 5x as much as Southern european
- furniture, wine
Growing proletariat-people without access to property
- population growth/inflation - people had to sell property
- became manufacturers
- became paid laborers
- cities - beggars/wandering poor
Popular Protest results
- demanded protection from poverty/loss of property
effects of 17th century protests
- social tension
- unites peasants through songs, common causes
Witchcraft persecution- 17th century
- europe/new england
- method of blaming poor
- conflict about family/role of women
Scientific Revolution
- affected intellectual life
- promoted change in popular outlook
did copernicus copy?
- copernicus- heliocentric theory - new thinking- proved greeks
- copied from muslims or chinese, indian, mayan or independent?
- science becomes more a focus of Europe than anywhere else
Science: the new authority
- scientific research can overrule/test existing theories
- Galileo- conflict w/ church over laws of gravity
- william harvey- circulatory system around heart
- rene descartes - human reason can develop laws- accept nothing
- 1587- issac newton- principia mathematica- summarized theories/observations
Isacc newton- principia mathematica
- laws of motion, gravity
- rational hypothesis + generalizations based on experiments
- laws not blind faith
Effects
- lectures/manuals for layman
- witchcraft seen as ridiculous
- people control/calculate environment
- doctors based more on scientific diagnosis- no more nutjobs
- lost and found section of newspaper
- attacks on religion
Attacks on religion
- miracles don’t make sense
- deism- great clockmaker in the sky
- john locke- faith irrelevant- just need senses/reason
why is this unique?
- china/muslim had science for practical reasons
- europe- more pure science, understanding world
- west as center of advancement
Feudal monarchies come to an end
- Nobles lose influence after wars
- heavy wars require more taxes/better administration
Absolute Monarchy
- modeled after France
Modeled after France
- Parliament doesn’t meet
- blew up castles
- bureaucracy from merchants/lawyers
- appointed representatives to provinces
- professionalized army
- King Louis XIV- “i am the state”
Professionalized army
- formal training officers- no longer nobility
- uniforms and support
- military hospitals/pensions- hotel des Invalides
King Louis XIV- i am the state
- patron of the arts - government has political role
- versailles- keep nobles busy
- mercantilism- protect economy of nation
- borrowed in spain, prussia,(Germany today), austria-hungary(Hapsburg)
Mercantilism- protect economy of nation
- reduce internal tariffs
- support manufacturing
- limit imports from other nations- lose money
limit imports from other nations- lose money
- heavy import taxes
- need colonies for natural resources/market
Borrowed in Spain, Prussia(Germany today), Austria-Hungary(Hapsburg)
- focus on military, expansion/protection
Parliamentary Monarchy
- Britain/Netherlands
- Central State plus parliamentary had power
- England- civil wars - glorious revolution
England- civil wars- glorious revolution
- parliament sovereign over king(slowly becomes figurehead)
- meets regularly
Changing political theory
- John Locke
- Rousseau- right to protest
- notions of limits to central authority
John Locke
- power from people
- social contract between state and people to protect property
The Nation State
- common culture/language
- loyalty linked by cultural/political bonds
- citizens believed govt should act for their interests
- kept Europe divided and often at war
Citizens believed govt should act for their interests
- france- bad harvest- states should do something
Political Patterns- became stagnant
- england- parliamentary routine- fight for power
- france- unable to tax nobles, church
- central europe- greater change
- continued war- link between states and war
central europe- greater change
- Prussia- frederick the great- enlightened despot
Prussia- frederick the great- enlightened despot
- greater religious freedom
- better agriculture- potato
- commercial coordination
- harsh punishments cut back
Enlightenment thought and popular culture
- France and Western Europe
France and Western Europe
- applying scientific thought to human society
applying scientific thought to human society
- rational laws to describe social/physical behavior
rational laws to describe social/physical behavior
- criminologists- criminals should be rehabilitated
- political scientists- careful constitutions to govern best
- economics
Economics
- adam smith- wealth of nations
Adam Smith- wealth of nations
- competition good
- government avoid regulation
- let initiative and market forces work
- denis diderot- encyclopedie
Basic principles of human affairs
- humans good
- educated to be better
- religions that rely on faith are bad - attacked Catholic Church
- progress possible if people set free
feminist thinkers
- Salons
- Mary Wollstonecraft - new political rights for women
- journals written by women for women
- men to blame for women’s lowly position
Changes in habits/beliefs
- reading clubs/salons
- treat kids nicer
- love between family members
- emotional bond in marriage
treat kids nicer
- less swaddling
- educational toys/books
emotional bond in marriage
- move away from arranged marriages
Ongoing Change in Commerce and Manufacturing
- purchasing- more processed products
- entertainment- pay for live entertainment - status improves
- new agriculture - 3 fold not as effective
- increased manufacturing - colonial trade + internal commerce
- capitalism - invest in funds for profit
- population increase
New agriculture - 3 fold not as effective
- drain swamps
- technology - fertilizer, seed drills, stockbreeding
- potato - improved food supply, delay due to Bible
Increased manufacturing - colonial trade + Internal commerce
- domestic system - done in homes, collected individually
- replaced by factories- moving towards industrial revolution
- manufacturers begin organizing labor - how best to make money
Innovation and Instability
- changes in stronger gov’ts that supported economics
- reevaluation of family/children’s roles
- political roles - enlightenment - what’s in my place in gov’t
- unusual agricultural society- changes in commercial, cultural, and political world
reevaluation of family/children’s roles
- children newly empowered, grow up to question system
Global Connections
- 1450 Christianity makes them superior, but why do other civilizations have better cities/economies
- 1750 - believed their rational thought better than superstitions of others
- changed views of europe and others toward selves
1750 - believed their rational thought better than superstitions of others
- most civilizations backward
- how cute - noble savage and exotic animals
