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AP World History > Chapter 17 The Transformation Of The West > Flashcards

Chapter 17 The Transformation Of The West Flashcards

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1
Q

1450-1750 dramatic changes

A
  • Still agricultural
  • commercially active
  • manufacturing base
  • science as center of society
  • shifting ideas of family/nature
  • increased bureaucratization sound familiar
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2
Q

Reasons for change

A
  • Dominance of international trade
  • overseas expansion
  • combination of commerce state culture tech
  • 1450-1650 series of cultural shifts
  • 1650-1750 scientific revolution> enlightenment
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3
Q

The Italian Renaissance

A

• artistic movement
• challenged medieval values/styles
- examine old truths

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4
Q

Why in Italy?

A
  • Urban, commercial economy

* competitive city states- an arts race?

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5
Q

New themes

A
  • writing in Latin
  • secular subjects- love/pride
  • classical/human centered themes
  • religion declined as focus
  • Humanism- humankind as focus of intellectual/artistic
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6
Q

Political theory- Niccolo Machiavelli

A

• end justifies means- better to be feared than loved

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7
Q

Other effects

A
  • Improved Banking techniques
  • merchants more profit seeking
  • political rule based on ability to improve well being/city’s glory
  • professional armies/improved tech- conflict among city states
  • Diplomacy- exchange of ambassadors
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8
Q

Fall of Italian Power

A
  • French and Spanish invasions
  • Atlantic trade routes reduces Mediterranean importance
  • spread to north- France Germany England
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9
Q

The Renaissance moved northward

A

• classical art/architecture
• Greek/Latin literature
• humanists wrote in vernacular- own language
• writers more popular culture- low brow- Shakespeare
- bodily functions
- human passions
- set new classics

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10
Q

Political change> toward greater state power

A
  • Revenue increase > greater ceremony/pomp aka blowing $
  • Kings - Francis I - patrons of architecture
  • state sponsored trading companies
  • military conquest
  • feudal/Religious justifications not as important as state
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11
Q

Renaissance effects

A
  • kings still restricted by power of local lords
  • peasants not touched by renaissance values
  • economics same
  • men more bravado- women more domestic
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12
Q

Technological Changes

A
  • learned from asia
    • pulleys/pump for mine
    • stronger iron
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13
Q

Printing Press- Johannes Gutenburg- movable type

A
  • books helped expand renaissance
  • literacy gained ground
  • source for new thinking
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14
Q

Family Structure

A
  • european style family
    • late marriage
    • nuclear families not extended
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15
Q

Goals/ reasons

A
  • limit birth/family size
  • husband/wife importance
  • linked family to property holdings- can’t marry till hold property
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16
Q

Protestant reformation

A
  • martin luther- 1517- german monk 95 theses
    • indulgences
    • only faith brings salvation
    • sacraments not important
    • monasticism wrong
    • translate bible to vernacular
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17
Q

Why did people buy into luther’s views- political

leaders

A
  • nationalists- don’t want pope’s taxes
  • gain more power over Holy Roman Empire
  • seize church lands
  • state control of church
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18
Q

why did ordinary people buy into luther’s views

A
  • justification for rebellion against lords- luther’s response?
  • notion of work- other careers seen as positives
  • moneymaking ok
  • christians bias against moneymaking- christ’s view of rich?
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19
Q

Anglican church

A
  • henry VII has marriage/fertility issues- takes his ball and goes home
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20
Q

Henry VII has marriage/fertility issues…

A
  • women disposed of easily for political reasons
  • daughter elizabeth I- protestant
  • jean calvin- geneva, switzerland - predestination
  • catholic reformation- more severe or more open?
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21
Q

Jean Calvin- Geneva, switzerland- predestination

A
  • priests as moral guiders
  • local believers participate in church administration
  • education to read bible
  • these would be your Puritans/Pilgrims with the Thanksgiving hats
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22
Q

Catholic reformation- more severe or more open?

A
  • special council meetings
  • revived catholic doctrine
  • restated importance of sacraments
  • tried to get rid of superstition/magical beliefs
  • jesuits- politics, education, missionary work
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23
Q

Germany - thirty years war

A
  • 1618 german protestant vs Holy Roman Emperor
    • destroyed german power/population
    • treaty of westphalia 1648- princes can choose
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24
Q

English civil war- 1640s

A
  • religious problems combined with

- parliament wants power

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25
Q

Effects of religious wars

A
  • limited acceptance of religious pluralism
  • religious doubts - more than one way to see god
  • shift in power- france, england, netherlands up, spain/italy down
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26
Q

Effects of religious wars cont

A
  • philosophical changes
  • women’s rights
  • growing literacy
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27
Q

Philosophical changes

A
  • less connection between god and nature

- focus on family life- love husband/woman

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28
Q

Women’s rights

A
  • more emphasis on happy marriage
    • emphasis on affection
  • but… no more converts, fewer options- must get married
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29
Q

New world economy- greater commercialization

A
  • increased trade

- new goods

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30
Q

Causes

A
  • increased inflation
  • import of gold and silver- prices up
  • new wealth needs new products
  • borrowing cheap- companies take more risks- easier to pay back
  • great trading companies
  • increased purchasing power of ordinary citizens
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31
Q

Great trading companies

A
  • new profits
  • new managerial skills
  • colonial markets
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32
Q

Colonial markets

A
  • agricultural specialty areas- not just self sufficient
    • gradual switch to commercial farming
  • specialization in villages/cities
33
Q

Increased purchasing power of ordinary citizens

A
  • 1600 west 5x as much as Southern european

- furniture, wine

34
Q

Growing proletariat-people without access to property

A
  • population growth/inflation - people had to sell property
  • became manufacturers
  • became paid laborers
  • cities - beggars/wandering poor
35
Q

Popular Protest results

A
  • demanded protection from poverty/loss of property
36
Q

effects of 17th century protests

A
  • social tension

- unites peasants through songs, common causes

37
Q

Witchcraft persecution- 17th century

A
  • europe/new england
  • method of blaming poor
  • conflict about family/role of women
38
Q

Scientific Revolution

A
  • affected intellectual life

- promoted change in popular outlook

39
Q

did copernicus copy?

A
  • copernicus- heliocentric theory - new thinking- proved greeks
  • copied from muslims or chinese, indian, mayan or independent?
  • science becomes more a focus of Europe than anywhere else
40
Q

Science: the new authority

A
  • scientific research can overrule/test existing theories
  • Galileo- conflict w/ church over laws of gravity
  • william harvey- circulatory system around heart
  • rene descartes - human reason can develop laws- accept nothing
  • 1587- issac newton- principia mathematica- summarized theories/observations
41
Q

Isacc newton- principia mathematica

A
  • laws of motion, gravity
  • rational hypothesis + generalizations based on experiments
  • laws not blind faith
42
Q

Effects

A
  • lectures/manuals for layman
  • witchcraft seen as ridiculous
  • people control/calculate environment
  • doctors based more on scientific diagnosis- no more nutjobs
  • lost and found section of newspaper
  • attacks on religion
43
Q

Attacks on religion

A
  • miracles don’t make sense
  • deism- great clockmaker in the sky
  • john locke- faith irrelevant- just need senses/reason
44
Q

why is this unique?

A
  • china/muslim had science for practical reasons
  • europe- more pure science, understanding world
  • west as center of advancement
45
Q

Feudal monarchies come to an end

A
  • Nobles lose influence after wars

- heavy wars require more taxes/better administration

46
Q

Absolute Monarchy

A
  • modeled after France
47
Q

Modeled after France

A
  • Parliament doesn’t meet
  • blew up castles
  • bureaucracy from merchants/lawyers
  • appointed representatives to provinces
  • professionalized army
  • King Louis XIV- “i am the state”
48
Q

Professionalized army

A
  • formal training officers- no longer nobility
  • uniforms and support
  • military hospitals/pensions- hotel des Invalides
49
Q

King Louis XIV- i am the state

A
  • patron of the arts - government has political role
  • versailles- keep nobles busy
  • mercantilism- protect economy of nation
  • borrowed in spain, prussia,(Germany today), austria-hungary(Hapsburg)
50
Q

Mercantilism- protect economy of nation

A
  • reduce internal tariffs
  • support manufacturing
  • limit imports from other nations- lose money
51
Q

limit imports from other nations- lose money

A
  • heavy import taxes

- need colonies for natural resources/market

52
Q

Borrowed in Spain, Prussia(Germany today), Austria-Hungary(Hapsburg)

A
  • focus on military, expansion/protection
53
Q

Parliamentary Monarchy

A
  • Britain/Netherlands
  • Central State plus parliamentary had power
  • England- civil wars - glorious revolution
54
Q

England- civil wars- glorious revolution

A
  • parliament sovereign over king(slowly becomes figurehead)

- meets regularly

55
Q

Changing political theory

A
  • John Locke
  • Rousseau- right to protest
  • notions of limits to central authority
56
Q

John Locke

A
  • power from people

- social contract between state and people to protect property

57
Q

The Nation State

A
  • common culture/language
  • loyalty linked by cultural/political bonds
  • citizens believed govt should act for their interests
  • kept Europe divided and often at war
58
Q

Citizens believed govt should act for their interests

A
  • france- bad harvest- states should do something
59
Q

Political Patterns- became stagnant

A
  • england- parliamentary routine- fight for power
  • france- unable to tax nobles, church
  • central europe- greater change
  • continued war- link between states and war
60
Q

central europe- greater change

A
  • Prussia- frederick the great- enlightened despot
61
Q

Prussia- frederick the great- enlightened despot

A
  • greater religious freedom
  • better agriculture- potato
  • commercial coordination
  • harsh punishments cut back
62
Q

Enlightenment thought and popular culture

A
  • France and Western Europe
63
Q

France and Western Europe

A
  • applying scientific thought to human society
64
Q

applying scientific thought to human society

A
  • rational laws to describe social/physical behavior
65
Q

rational laws to describe social/physical behavior

A
  • criminologists- criminals should be rehabilitated
  • political scientists- careful constitutions to govern best
  • economics
66
Q

Economics

A
  • adam smith- wealth of nations
67
Q

Adam Smith- wealth of nations

A
  • competition good
  • government avoid regulation
  • let initiative and market forces work
  • denis diderot- encyclopedie
68
Q

Basic principles of human affairs

A
  • humans good
  • educated to be better
  • religions that rely on faith are bad - attacked Catholic Church
  • progress possible if people set free
69
Q

feminist thinkers

A
  • Salons
  • Mary Wollstonecraft - new political rights for women
  • journals written by women for women
  • men to blame for women’s lowly position
70
Q

Changes in habits/beliefs

A
  • reading clubs/salons
  • treat kids nicer
  • love between family members
  • emotional bond in marriage
71
Q

treat kids nicer

A
  • less swaddling

- educational toys/books

72
Q

emotional bond in marriage

A
  • move away from arranged marriages
73
Q

Ongoing Change in Commerce and Manufacturing

A
  • purchasing- more processed products
  • entertainment- pay for live entertainment - status improves
  • new agriculture - 3 fold not as effective
  • increased manufacturing - colonial trade + internal commerce
  • capitalism - invest in funds for profit
  • population increase
74
Q

New agriculture - 3 fold not as effective

A
  • drain swamps
  • technology - fertilizer, seed drills, stockbreeding
  • potato - improved food supply, delay due to Bible
75
Q

Increased manufacturing - colonial trade + Internal commerce

A
  • domestic system - done in homes, collected individually
  • replaced by factories- moving towards industrial revolution
  • manufacturers begin organizing labor - how best to make money
76
Q

Innovation and Instability

A
  • changes in stronger gov’ts that supported economics
  • reevaluation of family/children’s roles
  • political roles - enlightenment - what’s in my place in gov’t
  • unusual agricultural society- changes in commercial, cultural, and political world
77
Q

reevaluation of family/children’s roles

A
  • children newly empowered, grow up to question system
78
Q

Global Connections

A
  • 1450 Christianity makes them superior, but why do other civilizations have better cities/economies
  • 1750 - believed their rational thought better than superstitions of others
  • changed views of europe and others toward selves
79
Q

1750 - believed their rational thought better than superstitions of others

A
  • most civilizations backward

- how cute - noble savage and exotic animals

AP World History (3 decks)

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