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Biology II > Chapter 20 Animal forms and functions > Flashcards

Chapter 20 Animal forms and functions Flashcards

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1
Q

Why is the Laryngeal nerve of animals longer than it should be in vertebrae? Giraffes Laryngeal nerve is about 15’ long where as the distance from Brain to throat or vocal cord is only about a foot

A

During vertebrae embryonic formation the Laryngeal nerve is hooked under the Aorta causing the nerve to take a circuitous route to the heart and then to the throat from the brain.

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2
Q

Why did the Laryngeal nerve evolve to be so?

A

A more direct route from Brain to throad would have required the Laryngeal nerve to break working against survival and hence natural selection

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3
Q

What is the difference between the study of Anatomy and Physiology?

A

Anatomy is the study of an organisms structure.
E.g How are the giraffes muscles and bones formed on its neck
Physiology is the study of the function of those structures
E.g How are the muscles and bones in Giraffes neck function

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4
Q

What are the structural hierarchical levels of an organism?

A
  1. Cellular level
  2. Tissue level
  3. Organ level
  4. Organ system level
  5. Organism level
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5
Q

What are the different organ systems?

A
  1. Integumentary : Study of the skin
  2. Skeletal: Study of the bones and skeleton
  3. Muscular: Study of the muscles
  4. Nervous
  5. Endocrine: Study of the endocrine glands
  6. Cardiovascular: Heart and Blood vessels
  7. Lymphatic: Lymph nodes and immune system
  8. Respiratory
  9. Digestive
  10. Urinary
  11. Reproductive
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6
Q

What are the relationships among hierarchical levels of organisms?

A

1.Tissues are formed by collection of cells specialized to carry out the function of that tissue
E.g Muscle cells collect to for muscle tissue
2.Organs are formed by collection of two or more types of tissue
E.g: The outer walls of the heart is formed by collection of muscular tissues designed to contract and expand the chambers for blood flow. Heart also consist of nerve tissue , epithelial tissue and connective tissue
3. Organ systems is formed by collection of organs
E.g: Circulatory system is formed by heart and blood vessels
4. Organism is formed by healthy and properly interacting collection of organ systems

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7
Q

What are emergent properties?

A

At each level properties that did not exist in previous levels emerges due to the structural and functional organization of the component parts

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8
Q

What are tissues?

A

Groups of cells with a common structure and function

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9
Q

What are the 4 types of tissues?

A
  1. Epithelial
  2. Connective
  3. Muscle
  4. Neural
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10
Q

What are epithelial cells?

A

Sheets of closely packed cells that covers body surface and lines internal organs and cavities

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11
Q

What is the basal Lamina?

A

One side of the epithelium is attached to the basal Lamina made of fibrous proteins and sticky polysachcharides

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12
Q

What is the apical surface of epithelial tissue?

A

The surface of the epithelial tissue facing out or the inside surface of the cavity

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13
Q

What is the basis to group epithelial tissues?

A

Number of cell layers and the shape of the cells on the apical surface

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14
Q

What is the difference between simple and stratified epithelial tissue?

A

Simple epithelial tissues have a single layer of cells and stratified epithelial tissue has multiple layers

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15
Q

What are the different shapes of epithelial tissue?

A
  1. Squamous - Square (Lungs)
  2. Cuboidal - Cubes (Kidneys)
  3. Columnar - Columns (Intestines)
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16
Q

What is the function of simple squamous epithelial tissue?

A

These tissues are thin and leaky and hence useful for exchange material by diffusion

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17
Q

What is the function cuboidal epithelial tissue?

A

Having large amount of cytoplasm, facilitates secretion or absorption of material.
E.g These tissues are found in glands, and kidneys

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18
Q

What is the function simple columnar epithelial tissue?

A

Having large amount of cytoplasm, facilitates secretion or absorption of material.
E.g Lines the internals of the intestines secreting enzymes and absorbing nutrients.

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19
Q

What are microvilli?

A

Tightly packed projections in epithelial tissue that increases the surface of absorption.
E.g Epithelial tissue that lines the inside of the intestines

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20
Q

What are celia?

A

longer projections on epithelial tissue that helps move materials on epithelial surface

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21
Q

What is the function of stratified squamous epithelial tissue?

A

Cover surfaces that are subject to abrasion. E,g. inside of the mouth and esophagus and outer skin

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22
Q

Why are stratified squamous epithelial tissue good for surfaces subject to abrasion?

A

They are tough and multiply rapidly at the basal lamina to replenish the surface cells that are dying. E.g We shed several million skin cells every day

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23
Q

What properties are shared by all epithelial tissues?

A
  1. Tightly packed cells situated on a basal lamina
  2. Forms protective barriers
  3. Enables material exchange from body surfaces
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24
Q

What are connecting tissues?

A

Sparse population of cells scattered throughout a matrix

Cells secrete the matrix which consist of a web of fibers embedded in a liquid, jelly or solid.

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25
Q

What are the 6 types of connecting tissues?

A
  1. Loose connecting tissues
  2. Fibrous connecting tissues
  3. Adipose tissues
  4. Cartilage
  5. Bone
  6. Blood
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26
Q

What are the functions of loose connecting tissues?

A
  1. Bind epithelia to underlying tissue

2. Hold organs in place

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27
Q

What are loose connecting tissues made of?

A
  1. Cells
  2. Matrix made of
    a. Loose weave of fibers made of collagen a strong rope like protein
    b. Elastic fibers that makes the tissue strong
    c. Watery fluid
28
Q

What is the main function of fibrous connecting tissues?

A

They make tendons, that attach muscles to the bones

29
Q

What are fibrous connecting tissue made of?

A

1, Cells

2. Tightly packed collagen fibers organized to maximize streangth

30
Q

What is the main function of Adipose tissues?

A

Store fat in adipose cells. Adipose cells store large droplets of fat. The fat is used to insulate the body and store energy

31
Q

What are adipose tissues made of?

A
  1. Adipose cells that stores fat

2. Sparse matrix of loosely packed fibers

32
Q

Where would you find adipose tissues mainly?

A

Under the skin. Adipose tissues swell when fat is stored and shrink when fat is used

33
Q

What is the main function of cartilage?

A

Surround the end of bones insulate them from shock and friction

34
Q

What are cartilage tissue made of?

A
  1. Cartilage forming cells

2. Matrix consist of collagen fibers embedded in a rubbery gel

35
Q

What are bone tissue made of?

A
  1. Bone forming cells

2. Matrix is made of collagen fibers embedded in a substance made of minerals such as calcium, Magnesium and phospates

36
Q

What is the purpose of fibers in bone tissue?

A

Prevents the bones from being brittle

37
Q

What is the central canal of bones for?

A

It holds blood vessels and nerve

38
Q

What is the primary function of blood?

A

Transport material through out the body

39
Q

What are blood tissues made of?

A
  1. Red blood cells which carries oxygen
  2. White blood cells which fights infections
  3. Platelets (cells) that prevent blood from clotting
  4. The matrix consist of liquid plasma which consist of water, dissolved proteins and minerals
40
Q

Why is blood considered a tissue?

A

Because it consist of cells surrounded by a non cellular matrix which is liquid plasma

41
Q

What are the functions of connective tissue?

A
  1. Fills internal spaces
  2. Provide structural support
  3. Stores energy
  4. Connects epithelia to underlying tissue
  5. Connects muscles to bones (Tendons)
  6. Acts as shock absorbents for bones(Cartilage)
42
Q

What are muscle tissues?

A

Tissues made of long cells called muscle fibers containing log chains of contractile (able to contract opposite of expand) proteins

43
Q

What are the types of muscle tissue?

A
  1. Skeletal
  2. Cardiac
  3. Smooth
44
Q

What is the function of skeletal tissue?

A

Enables voluntary movement of the body. Muscle tissues are attached to the bones by tendons and when muscle tissues contract the bones move

45
Q

What are cardiac muscle tissue?

A

muscle tissue that forms the muscles that contracts the heart for blood pumping. These tissues contract invloluntarily

46
Q

What is the difference between Skeletal and Cardiac muscle tissues?

A

Skeletal tissues: Contracts voluntarily where as Cardiac tissues are not

47
Q

Where are smooth muscle tissue found?

A

Walls of the digestive track, blood vessels and other internal organs

48
Q

What is the function of smooth muscle tissue?

A

Involuntary body activity such as movement of food through the digestive tract

49
Q

What is the function of nervous tissue?

A

Sense stimuli and rapidly transmit signals

50
Q

Where are nerve tissues found?

A
  1. Brain
  2. Spinal cord
  3. Nerves
51
Q

What are neurons and affector cells?

A

Nuerons are nerve cells detecting and transmitting signals. Affector cells are cells that react to the signals such as muscle cells

52
Q

What is the function of nerve tissue?

A
  1. Detect and Transmit signals
  2. Protect and nourish the neurons that transmit signals
  3. Maintain the fluid around the neurons
53
Q

Explain how tissues in the heart come together to perform the function of pumping blood in and out?

A
  1. Epithelial tissue lining the inside surfaces of the heart prevent leaks and enables smooth blood flow
  2. Connective tissue makes heart elastic and strengthen its walls
  3. Cardiac tissue contracts to enable blood flow
  4. Nervous tissues carries the signals to the cardiac muscle tissues to contract
54
Q

What is the difference between tissue and an organ?

A

Organ consist of multiple kinds of tissues interacting to perform a particular function. Any one type of participating tissues cannot carry out this function by itself

55
Q

What are the 11 types of organ systems?

A
  1. Circulatory
  2. Respiratory
  3. Integumentary
  4. Skeletal
  5. Muscular
  6. Urinary
  7. Digestive
  8. Endocrine
  9. Lymphatic and immune
  10. Nervous
  11. Reproductive
56
Q

What are the main components of the circulatory system?

A
  1. Heart

2. Blood vessels

57
Q

What are the main components of the respiratory system?

A
  1. Nasal cavity
  2. Parynx
  3. Larnyx
  4. Trachea
  5. Bronchus
  6. Lungs
58
Q

What are the main components of the integumentary system?

A
  1. Hair
  2. Skin
  3. Nails
59
Q

What are the main components of the skeletal system?

A

Bone and Cartilage

60
Q

What are the main components of the muscular system?

A

Skeletal muscles and tendons

61
Q

What are the main components of the urinary system?

A
  1. Kidney
  2. Ureter
  3. Urinary bladder
  4. Urethra
62
Q

What are the main components of the digestive system?

A
  1. Mouth
    2.Esophagus
  2. Stomach
    4.Liver
    5.Small intestines
    6.Large intestines
    7, Anus
63
Q

What are the components of the endocrine system?

A
  1. Hypothalmus
  2. Pituitary glands
  3. Thyroid glands
  4. Parathyroid glands
  5. Thymus
  6. Adrenal glands
  7. Pancreas
  8. Testis
  9. Ovaries
64
Q

What are the main components of the immune system?

A
  1. Lymph nodes
  2. Thymus
  3. Spleen
  4. Appendix
  5. Bone marrow
  6. Lymphatic vessels
65
Q

What are the main components of the nervous system?

A
  1. Brain
  2. Sense organs
  3. Spinal cord
  4. Nerves
66
Q

What are the main components of the reproductive system?

A

Male:

  1. Seminal vescicle
  2. Prostrate glands
  3. Vas deferens
  4. Penis
  5. Urethra
  6. Testis

Female:

  1. Ovary
  2. Oviduct
  3. Uterus
  4. Vagina

Biology II (9 decks)

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