Chapter 20

Question 0

when cells are damaged by microorganisms, foreign cells, toxins, or trauma, injured cells release chemicals called….

Answer 0

inflammatory mediators.

Question 1

Both surfaces provide continuous, avascular surfaces that secrete substances that either deter the growth of microorganisms or trap foreign particles

Answer 1

surface barriers.

Question 2

_______ act on the hypothalamus to raise the body temp “set point”, which results in the elevated temp of _______

Answer 2

pyrogens

fever

Question 3

the body’s main phagocytic cells, the granulocytes(__________,____________,_________) and the macrophages (________ ________) will nonspecifically ingest & destroy any foreign or damaged cells.

Answer 3

neutrophils, basophils, and eosinophils

macrophages (mature monocytes)

Question 4

several proteins in the blood will nonspecifically attack and lyse invading organisms when activated

Answer 4

antimicrobial proteins

Question 5

the largest system is the _____________, which is a collection of more than 20 proteins, most of which are made by the ________. this system breaks down foreign cells, enables phagocytes to better function, and enhance the inflammatory response.

Answer 5

complement system

liver.

Question 6

the humoral response is initiated when a macrophage or T lymphocyte presents a B lymphocyte with and antigen for which it has a _________ receptor.

Answer 6

specific

Question 7

B lymphocytes differentiate into two cell types: _______ ____, which secrete molecules called ________ that bind to antigens and memory cells, which will “remember” the antigen and permit a more rapid antibody response upon subsequent exposures.

Answer 7

plasma cells, antibodies

Question 8

mediated by cells rather than antibodies, specifically T lymphocytes.

Answer 8

cell-mediated immunity

Question 9

the cell-mediated response begins when a macrophage ingests an antigen and presents it to a _________ _ ____

Answer 9

helper T cell

Question 10

________ _____ secretes chemicals call cytokines, which activate cells of the nonspecific response such as macrophages, encourage inflammation, activate B lymphocytes, and activate cytotoxic T cells

Answer 10

Helper T cells.

Question 11

Functions of the lymphatic system:

Answer 11

• Absorbing dietary fats
• activating the immune system
• transporting excess interstitial fluid back to the heart

Question 12

lymph nodes filter ________ and the spleen filters _________

Answer 12

lymph, blood

Question 13

the vessels into which fats are absorbed are called….

Answer 13

lacteals.

Question 14

The cortex of a lymph node contains spherical clusters called _______ which contain primarily _________

Answer 14

lymphatic nodules, B lymphocytes.

Question 15

types of non specific immune response.

Answer 15

• inflammation and fever
• antimicrobial proteins
• surface barriers
• Neutrophils and Macrophages.

Question 16

when tissues are damaged, macrophages release inflammatory mediators that cause ________________,_____________, and _____________. Certain inflammatory mediators called _________ increase the hypothalamus’ “set point” for temp and cause fever.

Answer 16

local vasodilation, attack other immune cells, and act on hypothalamus

pyrogens

Question 17

the immune systems’ response to an infection involves either the nonspecific response or the specific response, not both. T/F?

Answer 17

true.