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Human Anatomy And Physiology > Chapter 20 > Flashcards

Chapter 20 Flashcards

0
Q

The entrance into the kidney is called the ____.

A

Hilum

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1
Q

The kidneys are located in the ___space.

A

Retroperitoneal

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2
Q

What is the first to collect the urine?

A

Calyx

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3
Q

Each minor calyx receives urine from the ____.

A

Renal papillae

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4
Q

What blood vessel conveys blood out of the nephron?

A

Interlobular vein

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5
Q

Which blood vessels surround the loops of henle?

A

Vasa recta

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6
Q

Which process is most affected by blood pressure?

A

Glomerular filtration

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7
Q

Which are found in the glomerular filtrate?

A

Glucose
Uric acid
Creatinine

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8
Q

Which muscle metabolism waste product is eliminated by the kidneys?

A

Creatinine

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9
Q

Renal secretion of a compound usually occurs from the ___ into the distal convoluted tubule.

A

Peritubular capillaries

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10
Q

Which are usually secreted by the kidneys?

A

Creatinine
H(sup)+(/sup)
Penicillin

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11
Q

The compound used to assess the function of the kidney at the level of the glomerulus is ___.

A

Inulin

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12
Q

Which of these could appear in the urine from dieting or the utilization of excess lipids?

A

Ketone

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13
Q

Vigorous exercise could release high amounts of ___ into the urine.

A

Albumin

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14
Q

What causes urine to flow from the kidneys to the bladder?

A

Peristalsis

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15
Q

Juxtaglomerular cells of the juxtaglomerular apparatus secretes ___ when ____.

A

Renin; blood pressure drops

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16
Q

Tubular reabsorption is responsible for retaining nutrients the body requires. Most tubular reabsorption occurs in the _____ where microvilli, and their numerous carrier proteins, increase the surface area available for reabsorption.

A

Proximal convoluted tubule

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17
Q

Why is the plant compound known as Inulin the best substance to use to measure renal clearance?

A

Inulin is neither reabsorbed nor actively secreted into the filtrate.

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18
Q

In males as well as in females, the external urethral sphincter is made up of skeletal muscle, and is thus under voluntary control. Where is the external urethral sphincter located in males?

A

Within the urogenital diaphragm

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19
Q

Which structure is last in the sequence of urine flow?

A

Urethra

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20
Q

The renal pyramids are located within the ___.

A

Medulla

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21
Q

The striated appearance of the pyramids is caused by ____.

A

Microtubules

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22
Q

The kidney secretes ____ for the purpose of stimulating bone marrow activity.

A

Erythropoietin

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23
Q

What is the function of the renal system?

A

Maintain blood pH
Regulate blood pressure
Control blood concentration

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24
How much of the cardiac output passes through the kidneys?
25%
25
Which blood vessel delivers blood to the cortex?
Interlobular artery
26
The renal corpuscle is comprised of a glomerulus and ___.
Bowman's capsule
27
Which section of the nephron is after the ascending limb of the loop of Henle?
Distal convoluted tubule
28
The last part of a nephron is the ___.
Collecting duct
29
Which area actually secretes renin into the blood?
Juxtaglomerular cells
30
Which of these has the highest concentration in the urine?
Sodium
31
Which ion is reabsorbed in exchange for sodium?
Potassium
32
What is the average glomerular filtration rate?
180 L per day
33
Which of the following is usually found in urine?
Magnesium Urea Uric acid
34
How much urine is formed in 24 hours?
1.5 liters
35
Renin acts on ____ to convert it to angiotensin I.
Angiotensinogen
36
The targets of angiotensin II are blood vessels and ___.
Adrenal cortex
37
Tubular reabsorption occurs from the nephron tubules into the ___.
Peritubular capillaries
38
Most tubular reabsorption occurs at the ____.
Proximal convoluted tubule
39
Which part of the kidney tubule has the most microvilli?
Proximal convoluted tubule
40
What all operates under a renal threshold mechanism?
Creatine Ascorbic acid Citric acid
41
The action of aldosterone is to increase ___.
Sodium reabsorption
42
How much sodium is actively reabsorbed by the proximal segment of the nephron?
70%
43
The countercurrent multiplier mechanism occurs at the ___.
Loop of Henle
44
The fluid in the descending limp of the loop of Henle is ___ relative to the capillaries.
Hypertonic
45
The function of the countercurrent multiplier is to ___.
Increase the concentration of NaCl
46
What affect does ADH have on urine output?
Decreases
47
Where does ADH have it's greatest effect?
Distal convoluted tubule
48
Eating large amounts of meat will increase the levels of ____ in the blood.
Urea
49
Renal calculi are usually comprised of the following?
Calcium oxalate Uric acid Magnesium phosphate
50
The mucosa of the bladder is comprised of ___.
Transitional epithelium
51
What is under voluntary control?
External urethral sphincter
52
The micturition reflex is centered in the ___.
Sacral cord
53
Characteristics of the kidneys:
Positioned retroperitoneally Padded by a layer of fat Inside the kidney there is a hollow chamber called the renal sinus
54
The granular appearance of the renal cortex is due to ____.
The random distribution of nephrons in the area
55
The final branches of the interlobular arteries give rise to the ____ that carry blood to the nephrons.
Afferent arterioles
56
The concentrations of substances in the plasma, int the glomerular filtrate, and in urine differ in what way?
Plasma and glomerular filtrate are virtually identical, but urine contains proportionately more waste products.
57
Which force favors filtration?
Glomerular hydrostatic pressure
58
What factors affect glomerular filtration rate?
Blood pressure Osmotic pressure of the glomerular filtration Plasma osmotic pressure
59
The outermost structure of a kidney is the ___.
Capsule
60
What is the main factor that causes urine to enter the urinary bladder?
Peristalsis
61
What is the main factor that promotes bladder infections in the female?
Length of the urethra
62
Which system functions in the excretion of soluble nitrogenous wastes?
Urinary
63
The structure which receives the filtration from glomerulus is the ___.
Bowman's capsule
64
In which area can the term urine be correctly used?
Minor calyx

Human Anatomy And Physiology (4 decks)

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