Chapter 20 Flashcards
The entrance into the kidney is called the ____.
Hilum
The kidneys are located in the ___space.
Retroperitoneal
What is the first to collect the urine?
Calyx
Each minor calyx receives urine from the ____.
Renal papillae
What blood vessel conveys blood out of the nephron?
Interlobular vein
Which blood vessels surround the loops of henle?
Vasa recta
Which process is most affected by blood pressure?
Glomerular filtration
Which are found in the glomerular filtrate?
Glucose
Uric acid
Creatinine
Which muscle metabolism waste product is eliminated by the kidneys?
Creatinine
Renal secretion of a compound usually occurs from the ___ into the distal convoluted tubule.
Peritubular capillaries
Which are usually secreted by the kidneys?
Creatinine
H(sup)+(/sup)
Penicillin
The compound used to assess the function of the kidney at the level of the glomerulus is ___.
Inulin
Which of these could appear in the urine from dieting or the utilization of excess lipids?
Ketone
Vigorous exercise could release high amounts of ___ into the urine.
Albumin
What causes urine to flow from the kidneys to the bladder?
Peristalsis
Juxtaglomerular cells of the juxtaglomerular apparatus secretes ___ when ____.
Renin; blood pressure drops
Tubular reabsorption is responsible for retaining nutrients the body requires. Most tubular reabsorption occurs in the _____ where microvilli, and their numerous carrier proteins, increase the surface area available for reabsorption.
Proximal convoluted tubule
Why is the plant compound known as Inulin the best substance to use to measure renal clearance?
Inulin is neither reabsorbed nor actively secreted into the filtrate.
In males as well as in females, the external urethral sphincter is made up of skeletal muscle, and is thus under voluntary control. Where is the external urethral sphincter located in males?
Within the urogenital diaphragm
Which structure is last in the sequence of urine flow?
Urethra
The renal pyramids are located within the ___.
Medulla
The striated appearance of the pyramids is caused by ____.
Microtubules
The kidney secretes ____ for the purpose of stimulating bone marrow activity.
Erythropoietin
What is the function of the renal system?
Maintain blood pH
Regulate blood pressure
Control blood concentration
How much of the cardiac output passes through the kidneys?
25%
Which blood vessel delivers blood to the cortex?
Interlobular artery
The renal corpuscle is comprised of a glomerulus and ___.
Bowman’s capsule
Which section of the nephron is after the ascending limb of the loop of Henle?
Distal convoluted tubule
The last part of a nephron is the ___.
Collecting duct
Which area actually secretes renin into the blood?
Juxtaglomerular cells
Which of these has the highest concentration in the urine?
Sodium
Which ion is reabsorbed in exchange for sodium?
Potassium
What is the average glomerular filtration rate?
180 L per day
Which of the following is usually found in urine?
Magnesium
Urea
Uric acid
How much urine is formed in 24 hours?
1.5 liters
Renin acts on ____ to convert it to angiotensin I.
Angiotensinogen
The targets of angiotensin II are blood vessels and ___.
Adrenal cortex
Tubular reabsorption occurs from the nephron tubules into the ___.
Peritubular capillaries
Most tubular reabsorption occurs at the ____.
Proximal convoluted tubule
Which part of the kidney tubule has the most microvilli?
Proximal convoluted tubule
What all operates under a renal threshold mechanism?
Creatine
Ascorbic acid
Citric acid
The action of aldosterone is to increase ___.
Sodium reabsorption
How much sodium is actively reabsorbed by the proximal segment of the nephron?
70%
The countercurrent multiplier mechanism occurs at the ___.
Loop of Henle
The fluid in the descending limp of the loop of Henle is ___ relative to the capillaries.
Hypertonic
The function of the countercurrent multiplier is to ___.
Increase the concentration of NaCl
What affect does ADH have on urine output?
Decreases
Where does ADH have it’s greatest effect?
Distal convoluted tubule
Eating large amounts of meat will increase the levels of ____ in the blood.
Urea
Renal calculi are usually comprised of the following?
Calcium oxalate
Uric acid
Magnesium phosphate
The mucosa of the bladder is comprised of ___.
Transitional epithelium
What is under voluntary control?
External urethral sphincter
The micturition reflex is centered in the ___.
Sacral cord
Characteristics of the kidneys:
Positioned retroperitoneally
Padded by a layer of fat
Inside the kidney there is a hollow chamber called the renal sinus
The granular appearance of the renal cortex is due to ____.
The random distribution of nephrons in the area
The final branches of the interlobular arteries give rise to the ____ that carry blood to the nephrons.
Afferent arterioles
The concentrations of substances in the plasma, int the glomerular filtrate, and in urine differ in what way?
Plasma and glomerular filtrate are virtually identical, but urine contains proportionately more waste products.
Which force favors filtration?
Glomerular hydrostatic pressure
What factors affect glomerular filtration rate?
Blood pressure
Osmotic pressure of the glomerular filtration
Plasma osmotic pressure
The outermost structure of a kidney is the ___.
Capsule
What is the main factor that causes urine to enter the urinary bladder?
Peristalsis
What is the main factor that promotes bladder infections in the female?
Length of the urethra
Which system functions in the excretion of soluble nitrogenous wastes?
Urinary
The structure which receives the filtration from glomerulus is the ___.
Bowman’s capsule
In which area can the term urine be correctly used?
Minor calyx
