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Human Anatomy And Physiology > Chapter 20 > Flashcards

Chapter 20 Flashcards

0
Q

The entrance into the kidney is called the ____.

A

Hilum

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1
Q

The kidneys are located in the ___space.

A

Retroperitoneal

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2
Q

What is the first to collect the urine?

A

Calyx

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3
Q

Each minor calyx receives urine from the ____.

A

Renal papillae

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4
Q

What blood vessel conveys blood out of the nephron?

A

Interlobular vein

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5
Q

Which blood vessels surround the loops of henle?

A

Vasa recta

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6
Q

Which process is most affected by blood pressure?

A

Glomerular filtration

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7
Q

Which are found in the glomerular filtrate?

A

Glucose
Uric acid
Creatinine

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8
Q

Which muscle metabolism waste product is eliminated by the kidneys?

A

Creatinine

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9
Q

Renal secretion of a compound usually occurs from the ___ into the distal convoluted tubule.

A

Peritubular capillaries

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10
Q

Which are usually secreted by the kidneys?

A

Creatinine
H(sup)+(/sup)
Penicillin

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11
Q

The compound used to assess the function of the kidney at the level of the glomerulus is ___.

A

Inulin

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12
Q

Which of these could appear in the urine from dieting or the utilization of excess lipids?

A

Ketone

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13
Q

Vigorous exercise could release high amounts of ___ into the urine.

A

Albumin

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14
Q

What causes urine to flow from the kidneys to the bladder?

A

Peristalsis

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15
Q

Juxtaglomerular cells of the juxtaglomerular apparatus secretes ___ when ____.

A

Renin; blood pressure drops

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16
Q

Tubular reabsorption is responsible for retaining nutrients the body requires. Most tubular reabsorption occurs in the _____ where microvilli, and their numerous carrier proteins, increase the surface area available for reabsorption.

A

Proximal convoluted tubule

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17
Q

Why is the plant compound known as Inulin the best substance to use to measure renal clearance?

A

Inulin is neither reabsorbed nor actively secreted into the filtrate.

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18
Q

In males as well as in females, the external urethral sphincter is made up of skeletal muscle, and is thus under voluntary control. Where is the external urethral sphincter located in males?

A

Within the urogenital diaphragm

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19
Q

Which structure is last in the sequence of urine flow?

A

Urethra

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20
Q

The renal pyramids are located within the ___.

A

Medulla

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21
Q

The striated appearance of the pyramids is caused by ____.

A

Microtubules

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22
Q

The kidney secretes ____ for the purpose of stimulating bone marrow activity.

A

Erythropoietin

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23
Q

What is the function of the renal system?

A

Maintain blood pH
Regulate blood pressure
Control blood concentration

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24
Q

How much of the cardiac output passes through the kidneys?

A

25%

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25
Q

Which blood vessel delivers blood to the cortex?

A

Interlobular artery

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26
Q

The renal corpuscle is comprised of a glomerulus and ___.

A

Bowman’s capsule

27
Q

Which section of the nephron is after the ascending limb of the loop of Henle?

A

Distal convoluted tubule

28
Q

The last part of a nephron is the ___.

A

Collecting duct

29
Q

Which area actually secretes renin into the blood?

A

Juxtaglomerular cells

30
Q

Which of these has the highest concentration in the urine?

A

Sodium

31
Q

Which ion is reabsorbed in exchange for sodium?

A

Potassium

32
Q

What is the average glomerular filtration rate?

A

180 L per day

33
Q

Which of the following is usually found in urine?

A

Magnesium
Urea
Uric acid

34
Q

How much urine is formed in 24 hours?

A

1.5 liters

35
Q

Renin acts on ____ to convert it to angiotensin I.

A

Angiotensinogen

36
Q

The targets of angiotensin II are blood vessels and ___.

A

Adrenal cortex

37
Q

Tubular reabsorption occurs from the nephron tubules into the ___.

A

Peritubular capillaries

38
Q

Most tubular reabsorption occurs at the ____.

A

Proximal convoluted tubule

39
Q

Which part of the kidney tubule has the most microvilli?

A

Proximal convoluted tubule

40
Q

What all operates under a renal threshold mechanism?

A

Creatine
Ascorbic acid
Citric acid

41
Q

The action of aldosterone is to increase ___.

A

Sodium reabsorption

42
Q

How much sodium is actively reabsorbed by the proximal segment of the nephron?

A

70%

43
Q

The countercurrent multiplier mechanism occurs at the ___.

A

Loop of Henle

44
Q

The fluid in the descending limp of the loop of Henle is ___ relative to the capillaries.

A

Hypertonic

45
Q

The function of the countercurrent multiplier is to ___.

A

Increase the concentration of NaCl

46
Q

What affect does ADH have on urine output?

A

Decreases

47
Q

Where does ADH have it’s greatest effect?

A

Distal convoluted tubule

48
Q

Eating large amounts of meat will increase the levels of ____ in the blood.

A

Urea

49
Q

Renal calculi are usually comprised of the following?

A

Calcium oxalate
Uric acid
Magnesium phosphate

50
Q

The mucosa of the bladder is comprised of ___.

A

Transitional epithelium

51
Q

What is under voluntary control?

A

External urethral sphincter

52
Q

The micturition reflex is centered in the ___.

A

Sacral cord

53
Q

Characteristics of the kidneys:

A

Positioned retroperitoneally
Padded by a layer of fat
Inside the kidney there is a hollow chamber called the renal sinus

54
Q

The granular appearance of the renal cortex is due to ____.

A

The random distribution of nephrons in the area

55
Q

The final branches of the interlobular arteries give rise to the ____ that carry blood to the nephrons.

A

Afferent arterioles

56
Q

The concentrations of substances in the plasma, int the glomerular filtrate, and in urine differ in what way?

A

Plasma and glomerular filtrate are virtually identical, but urine contains proportionately more waste products.

57
Q

Which force favors filtration?

A

Glomerular hydrostatic pressure

58
Q

What factors affect glomerular filtration rate?

A

Blood pressure
Osmotic pressure of the glomerular filtration
Plasma osmotic pressure

59
Q

The outermost structure of a kidney is the ___.

A

Capsule

60
Q

What is the main factor that causes urine to enter the urinary bladder?

A

Peristalsis

61
Q

What is the main factor that promotes bladder infections in the female?

A

Length of the urethra

62
Q

Which system functions in the excretion of soluble nitrogenous wastes?

A

Urinary

63
Q

The structure which receives the filtration from glomerulus is the ___.

A

Bowman’s capsule

64
Q

In which area can the term urine be correctly used?

A

Minor calyx

Human Anatomy And Physiology (4 decks)

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