Chapter 20

Question 1

Who was the first to discover penicillin?

Answer 1

Alexander Fleming

Question 2

What was the first antibiotic?

Answer 2

penicillin G

Question 3

What is the toxicity measurement?

Answer 3

therapeutic index

Question 4

Type of antimicrobial action?

Answer 4

1. bacteriostatic

2. bactericidal

Question 5

Spectrum of anitmicrobial drug activity

Answer 5

1. broad spectrum

2. narrow spectrum

Question 6

Combination of drugs that result in interferring

Answer 6

antagonistic

Question 7

combination of drugs that enhance the ability

Answer 7

synergistic

Question 8

Drugs that interfere with cell wall synthesis

Answer 8

b-lactams, vancomycin, bacitracin

Question 9

Drugs that interfere with nucleic acid synthesis

Answer 9

fluoroquinolones, rifamycins

Question 10

drugs that interfere with cell membrane integrity

Answer 10

polymyxin B, daptomycin

Question 11

drugs that interfere with metabolic pathways

Answer 11

sulfonamides, trimethoprim

Question 12

drugs that interfere with protein synthesis

Answer 12

aminoglycoside, tetracycline, macrolides, chloramphenicol, lincosamphenicol, oxazolidinones, streptogramins

Question 13

what are the narrow spectrum penicillin? Where do they derive from?

Answer 13

penicillin G and V. derived from Penicillin chrysogenum

Question 14

Which bacteria develop resistant to penicillin?

Answer 14

S. aureus

Question 15

Drug that binds to 50s and prevent peptide bond thus is a bacteriostatic

Answer 15

Chloramphenicol

Question 16

Drug that irreversibly bind to 30s, block initiation of translation and misreading of mRNA thus a bactericidal

Answer 16

Aminoglycosides (e.g. Streptomycins and Neomycins)

Question 17

Drug that reversibly bind to 30s, block tRNA attachment and prevent translation thus a bacteriostatic

Answer 17

Tetracyclines

Question 18

Drug that reversibly bind to 50s and prevent contunuation of translation

Answer 18

Macrolides

Question 19

Drug that block prokaryotic RNA polymerase result in inhibition of nucleic acid synthesis

Answer 19

Rifamycins

Question 20

Drug that interfere with metabolic pathways, inhibit synthesis of folic acid

Answer 20

Sulfonamides

Question 21

Drug inactivating enzymes

Answer 21

1. penicillinas

2. chloramphenicol acetyltransferase

Question 22

What are the mechanisms of acquired resistance to antimicrobial drugs?

Answer 22

1. drug-inactivating enzymes
2. alteration in target molecules
3. decreased uptake of the drug
4. increased elimination of drug