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Chapter 19 Biology Unit 1 test > Chapter 20 > Flashcards

Chapter 20 Flashcards

1
Q

Legless lizards

A

Lizards that evolved without legs independently.

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2
Q

Snakes

A

Legless reptiles from distinct lizard lineages.

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3
Q

European glass lizard

A

A legless lizard lacking traits of snakes.

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4
Q

Independent evolution

A

Species evolve similar traits without common ancestry.

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5
Q

Adaptation

A

Evolutionary change to suit similar environments.

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6
Q

Lineage

A

A sequence of species sharing a common ancestor.

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7
Q

Phylogeny

A

Evolutionary history of a species or group.

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8
Q

Systematics

A

Classifies organisms and determines evolutionary relationships.

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9
Q

Convergent Evolution

A

Independent evolution of similar traits in species.

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10
Q

Taxonomy

A

Science of naming and classifying organisms.

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11
Q

Binomial Nomenclature

A

Two-part naming system for species.

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12
Q

Genus

A

First part of a species’ scientific name.

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13
Q

Specific Epithet

A

Unique second part of a species’ name.

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14
Q

Hierarchical Classification

A

Grouping species into increasingly broad categories.

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15
Q

Taxon

A

Named taxonomic unit at any hierarchy level.

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16
Q

Phylogenetic Tree

A

Branching diagram representing evolutionary relationships.

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17
Q

Sister Taxa

A

Groups sharing an immediate common ancestor.

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18
Q

Rooted Tree

A

Includes a branch for the most recent common ancestor.

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19
Q

Basal Taxon

A

Lineage diverging early in a group’s history.

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20
Q

Divergence

A

Separation of evolutionary lineages from a common ancestor.

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21
Q

Characters

A

Traits used for classifying organisms.

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22
Q

Branch Point

A

Represents divergence of two lineages in a tree.

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23
Q

Taxa

A

Groups of organisms classified together.

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24
Q

Phylogenetic Relationships

A

Connections between species based on evolutionary history.

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25
DNA Sequences
Genetic information used to infer species identities.
26
Misclassification
Incorrect grouping of species due to lost features.
27
Evolutionary Relationships
Connections based on common ancestry and traits.
28
Patterns of Descent
Lineage connections shown in phylogenetic trees.
29
Phenotypic Similarity
Physical traits that may not indicate evolutionary relationships.
30
Phylogeny
Evolutionary history inferred from morphological and molecular data.
31
Homology
Similarity due to shared ancestry among organisms.
32
Analogy
Similarity due to convergent evolution, not ancestry.
33
Convergent Evolution
Unrelated groups adapt similarly to environmental pressures.
34
Morphological Homologies
Similar structures indicating shared ancestry in organisms.
35
Molecular Homologies
Genetic similarities indicating shared ancestry among taxa.
36
Cladistics
Classification based on common descent of organisms.
37
Clade
Group including an ancestor and all its descendants.
38
Monophyletic Group
Taxon consisting of an ancestor and all descendants.
39
Paraphyletic Group
Includes an ancestor and some, but not all, descendants.
40
Polyphyletic Group
Includes distantly related species without a common ancestor.
41
Shared Ancestral Character
Character originating in an ancestor of the taxon.
42
Shared Derived Character
Evolutionary novelty unique to a particular clade.
43
Ingroup
Group of species being studied in phylogenetics.
44
Outgroup
Species closely related to but not part of the ingroup.
45
Molecular Clock
Estimates evolutionary time based on genetic changes.
46
Maximum Parsimony
Principle that favors the simplest explanation for data.
47
Phylogenetic Tree
Hypothesis about evolutionary relationships among organisms.
48
Phylogenetic Bracketing
Predicting features of ancestors from related living organisms.
49
Horizontal Gene Transfer
Transfer of genes between different species.
50
Nucleotide Sequence
Order of nucleotides in a DNA or RNA strand.
51
Statistical Tools
Methods to distinguish between coincidental and true homologies.
52
Complexity of Characters
More complex structures likely evolved from a common ancestor.
53
Fossil Evidence
Remains providing context for evolutionary relationships.
54
DNA Alignment
Comparing DNA sequences to identify similarities and differences.
55
Evolutionary Relationships
Connections between species based on shared ancestry.
56
Genetic Change
Alterations in DNA sequences over time.
57
Branch Lengths
Represent genetic changes or chronological time in phylogenetic trees.
58
Derived Characters
Features assumed to have arisen in the ingroup.
59
Coincidental Matches
Similar DNA sequences not indicating shared ancestry.
60
Evolutionary Novelties
New traits that arise in a clade.
61
Ancient Lineages
Old evolutionary branches that are still extant.
62
Metagenomic Techniques
Methods for analyzing genetic material from environmental samples.
63
Ribosomal RNA Genes
Genes coding for RNA components of ribosomes.
64
Transposable Elements
DNA sequences that can change positions within the genome.
65
Plasmids
Small DNA molecules within a cell that are physically separated from chromosomal DNA.
66
Natural Selection
Process where organisms better adapted to their environment tend to survive.

Chapter 19 Biology Unit 1 test (3 decks)

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