chapter 20

Question 1

anglo spanish relations end of 156s deteriorated because

Answer 1

1. trading activity of John hawkins
   = attempted to break Spanish trading monopoly in Caribbean
   = infuriated Spanish interests so in sept 1568 his fleet was blockaded in San Juan de Ulua only 2 ships able to escape
2. situation in netherlands
   = Phillip ii wanted tighter form of political organisation in Netherlands under more direct Spanish control which would help to root out heresy
   = Eliz came under pressure to aid dutch protestants who feared danger (reluctant having suffered from French adventure and had qualms about aiding rebels who were fighting sovereign authority)
3. English found opportunities to harass spanis
   = nov 1568 - storm forced Spanish vessels (carrying 400,000 florins intended to pay army of Duke of Alba = Phillips general in Netherlands) to seek shelter in English ports, Eliz impounded the money - led Alba to seize English ships and property in Netherlands

Question 2

Phillip involvement in plots/rebellions

Answer 2

• encouragement of northern rebellion = 1569
• Ridolfi plot = 1571
• excommunication of Elizabeth = 1570

Question 3

the Netherlands and declining anglo Spanish relations 1570-85

Answer 3

• 1572 = eliz expelled sea beggars from English ports
  = forced to land in dutch port of Brielle - sparked off full scale revolt against rule of Spain
• by 1576 all provinces of Netherlands had risen against what they saw as atrocities by the Spanish army
  = collectively produced pacification of Ghent - called for expulsion of all foreign troops + restoration of the provinces’ autonomy - situation favoured by Elizabeth

Question 4

the Netherlands and declining anglo Spanish relations 1570-85

Answer 4

• but provinces quarrelled amongst themselves
• French prepared to invade Netherlands
• elif contemplated marrying duke of Anjou to retain English influence in Netherlands

Question 5

divisions among provinces in Netherlands

Answer 5

• led to emergence of two separate entities (one catholic and one Protestant)
• spanish made peace with catholic one - thereby creating the basis by which the new governor general, Duke of Parma, could begin reconquest of northern provinces

Question 6

annexation of portugal

Answer 6

• 1580 Spanish power strengthened by annexation of portugal

Question 7

eliz adopted more anti Spanish position

Answer 7

• supported Portuguese pretender - son Antonio
• knighted Francis drake on circumnavigating globe (irritated Spanish)
• treated Spanish ambassador contemptuously

Question 8

situation in Netherlands after 1580

Answer 8

• got worse
• parmas reconquest of north gained momentum - leaving only 2 provinces in protestant hands
• rebel leader William of orange assassinated 1584

Question 9

treaty of joinville

Answer 9

• Phillip ii and catholic league in France
• 1584
• alarmed elif because the guise family led the catholic league and with the guises as his allies, Phillip ii no longer had a political motive to prevent him from supporting MQS

Question 10

treaty of nonsuch

Answer 10

• to counteract treaty of joinville
• eliz made alliance with dutch protestant rebels
• 1585
• sent troops too Netherlands under earl of Leicester

Question 11

bad - sent troops to Netherlands

Answer 11

• troops badly and irregularly paid and ill disciplined = alienated dutch
• dutch felt betrayed when two officers (William Stanley and rowland Yorke) deserted and joined parma
• English commanders quarrelled among themselves
• Leicester quarrelled with dutch (dutch thought eliz trying to do deal with parma behind backs)
• leicester resigned 1588
• fiasco encouraged Phillip to think he could exploit divisions between English and dutch

Question 12

Spanish Armada

Answer 12

• spanish fleet high with many vessels and crews having been commandeered from the Portuguese
• sailing of armada delayed by successful English attack on spanish ships in harbour at Cadiz = April 1587
• armada set sail on 22 July 1587
• objective = reach port grave lines, in spanish Netherlands, where spanish army (under command of duke of parma) would board ships so invasion of England might be launched
• it was sighted of coast of Cornwall 29th July and was engaged in indecisive battle in English Channel from 30 July to 6 august
• in end armada forced by unfavourable winds to try return to Spain by hazardous route - sailing north towards Scotland and then back south to west of Ireland = cost many ships lost in storm