Chapter 20

Question 1

backflow of the stomach contents to esophagus and oral cavity

Answer 1

regurgitation

Question 2

difficulty or painful swallowing

Answer 2

dysphagia

Question 3

yellow in color

Answer 3

icteric

Question 4

bulging outward

Answer 4

protuberant

Question 5

sluggishness or abnormal drowsiness

Answer 5

lethargy

Question 6

pain upon release of pressure during palpation

Answer 6

rebound tenderness

Question 7

tensing of the abdominal wall muscles

Answer 7

guarding

Question 8

hardened immobile bulk of stool

Answer 8

fecal impaction

Question 9

fatty stool

Answer 9

steatorrhea

Question 10

-complications include: feeding difficulties, alerted dentition, delayed or altered speech development otitis media
-development of this occurs early in pregnancy (tissue that forms the lip fuses by 5-6 weeks gestation, and the palate by 7-9 weeks gestation)
-risk factors: maternal smoking, prenatal infection, AMA, use of steroids or anticonvulsants during pregnancy

Answer 10

cleft lip and palate

Question 11

• a defect of the umbilical ring that allows evisceration of the abdominal contents into an external peritoneal sac

Answer 11

omphalocele

Question 12

a defect of the umbilical ring that allows evisceration of the abdominal contents not covered by a membrane

Answer 12

gastroschisis

Question 13

Oral rehydration solution (ORS) should contain?

Answer 13

75 mmol/L sodium chloride
13.5 g/L glucose

Question 14

Mild to moderate dehydration?

Answer 14

requires 50-100 mL/kg of ORS over 4 hours

Question 15

-fungal infection of the oral mucosa
-thick white patches on tongue, mucosa, or palate resembling curdled milk
-At risk: children with immune disorders (or taking meds to suppress the immune system), those using corticosteroid inhalers, or antibiotic use
-Tx: antifungals like Nystatin or fluconazole

Answer 15

thrush

Question 16

key sign is palpate a hard moveable “olive in the right upper quadrant- that is enough to dx and consult surgery

Answer 16

hypertrophic pyloric stenosis

Question 17

-acute inflammation of the appendix
-most common case of emergent abdominal surgery in children (if left untreated- can rupture)
-obstruction from fecal impaction
-pain at McBurney’s point (RLQ)
-rebound tenderness

Answer 17

appendicitis

Question 18

the fundus of the stomach is wrapped around the lower segment of the esophagus (which reinforces the esophageal sphincter-making it less likely that acid will back up the esophagus)

Answer 18

a nissen fundoplication

Question 19

the soiling of fecal contents into the underwear beyond the age of expected toilet training (4-5 years old)

Answer 19

encopresis