Chapter 16

Question 1

the brain and the spinal cord

Answer 1

central nervous system

Question 2

formed in the first 3-4 weeks of gestation that will eventually become the CNS

Answer 2

neutral tube

Question 3

any environmental substance that can cause physical defects in the developing embryo fetus

Answer 3

teratogen

Question 4

the formation of myelin that covers and protects the nerves

Answer 4

myelinization

Question 5

a rise in the normal pressure within the skull

Answer 5

intracranial pressure (ICP)

Question 6

measurement of the child’s head around the largest area

Answer 6

head circumference

Question 7

extremites are flexed; occurs with damage of the cerebral cortex

Answer 7

decorticate posturing

Question 8

extremities extending and pronated; occurs with damage at the level of the brain stem

Answer 8

decerebrate posturing

Question 9

state of consciousness after seizure

Answer 9

postictal

Question 10

position in which the head and neck are hyperextended to relieve discomfort

Answer 10

opisthotonic

Question 11

What procedure do you keep the child flat for 1 hour post procedure?

Answer 11

lumbar puncture (LP)

Question 12

serious birth defects of the spine and brain

Answer 12

neutral tube defects

Question 13

brain defect resulting in small or missing brain hemispheres, skull, or scalp

Answer 13

anencephaly

Question 14

a protrusion of the brain and meninges through a skull defect

Answer 14

encephalocele

Question 15

a head circumference that is more than three standard deviations below the mean for age and sex of the infant

Answer 15

microcephaly

Question 16

different groups and subgroups based on anatomic anomalies of the craniocervical junction and downward displacement of the cerebellar structures

Answer 16

chiari malformation

Question 17

not specific illness by itself- results from underlying brain disorder

Answer 17

hydrocephalus

Question 18

rare congenital disorder cause by an abnormal development of the blood vessels in the brain, brainstem, or spinal cord

Answer 18

intracranial arteriovenous malformation

Question 19

premature closure of the cranial sutures

Answer 19

craniosynostosis

Question 20

asymmetry of the head from gravitational force or toricollis

Answer 20

positional plagiocephaly

Question 21

-infection of the meninges (lining that surrounds the brain and spinal cord)
-serious illness in children and can lead to brain damage, nerve damage, deafness, stroke, and death
-requires rapid assessment, treatment, and hospitalization
REVIEW SLIDE 13

Answer 21

bacterial meningitis

Question 22

salicylates are in many products including: alka-seltzer, pepto-bismol, aspirin, ect

Answer 22

reye syndrome (extremely rare)

Question 23

-most common type effecting children younger than age 5
-echovirus and coxsackievrius most common causative agents
-LP and blood cultures: antibiotics will be given until bacterial meningitis can be ruled out-once identified as viral, antiviral agents given

Answer 23

aseptic meningitis

Question 24

-inflammation of the brain that may also include inflammation of the meningies
-viral illness, autoimmune disorders, and vector born disease are most common cause
- symptoms: headache, stiff neck, flu-like symptoms, altered LOC, generalized weakness

Answer 24

encephalitis

Question 25

What makes a child more susceptible to head trauma?

Answer 25

Larger head size, higher center of gravity, curiosity, high activity level, incomplete motor development, lack of knowledge and judgment skills

Question 26

occurs when head trauma results in disruption of normal function of the brain

Answer 26

TBI (traumatic brain injury)

Question 27

sudden disruption of the blood supply to the brain that can affect neuro functioning such as movement and speech

Answer 27

cerebral vascular disorders (stroke)

Question 28

a condition in which seizures are triggered recurrently from within the brain

Answer 28

epilepsy

Question 29

clonic seizure is the most common type of seizure (generalized more movements)

Answer 29

tonic

Question 30

associated with rapid in core temp to 39 (102.2); generalized seizure lasting less than 15 minutes than occurs once in 24 hours accompanied by fever without CNS infection

Answer 30

febrile seizures

Question 31

-immature brain is more prone to seizure activity
- from a definite underlying causes such as: hypoxic ischemic encephalopathy, infection, metabolic disorders, cerebral infarction, and intracranial hemorrhage

Answer 31

neonatal seizures

Question 32

What are early signs of increased intracranial pressure?

Answer 32

-headache
-vomiting (projectile)
-visual changes
-dizziness
-decreasing HR and respirations
-changes in pupil reactions
-sunset eyes
-changes in LOC
-seizures
-bulging fontanel and increasing head circumference (infants)

Question 33

What are late signs of increased intracranial pressure?

Answer 33

-decreased LOC
-depressed motor, sensory responses
-bradycardia
-irregular respirations
-cheyne-stokes respirations
-decerebrate/decorticate postures
-fixed and dilated pupils

Question 34

the child is away and alert; is oriented to time, place, and person, and exhibits age-appropriate behaviors

Answer 34

full consciousness

Question 35

disorientation exists; the child may be alert but responds inappropriately to questions

Answer 35

confusion

Question 36

the child has limited responses to the environment and falls asleep unless stimulation is provided

Answer 36

obtunded

Question 37

the child only responds to vigorous stimulation

Answer 37

stupor

Question 38

the child cannot be aroused, even with painful stimuli

Answer 38

coma