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Marine Biology > Chapter 20 > Flashcards

Chapter 20 Flashcards

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AP® Biology flashcards Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

What does the name osteichthyes refer to?

A

Bony fish

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2
Q

Compare bone versus cartilage including advantages and disadvantages.

A

Bone
-stronger : better protection and structural support *advantage
-less flexible (stiff) *disadvantage
-heavier : more energy expenditure for movement and floatation *disadvantage
-better blood supply : heals faster *advantage

Cartilage
-flexible and lightweight *advantage
-doesn’t heal fast *disadvantage
-no protection or structural support *disadvantage

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3
Q

What are the three groups of fishes included within Osteichthyes?

A

Ray-finned fishes (Actinopterygii), lobe-finned fishes (coelacanths, lungfishes)

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4
Q

What is the main difference between the coelacanths plus lungfishes and the ray-finned fishes?

A

Lobe-finned fishes (coelacanths & lungfishes) have a lobe with bones that are homologous with tetrapods while ray-finned fishes do not have a lobe or the homologous bones.

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5
Q

What are homologous structures?

A

Similar trait or characteristics from a common ancestor

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6
Q

What are fin rays?

A

A bony element that supports fin membranes

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7
Q

How do fin rays relate to the taxonomic name Actinopterygii?

A

Fin rays relate to the name Actinopterygii because the fins in these animals are supported by fin rays (spines or soft rays or both)

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8
Q

List the two types of fin rays, their characteristics and function

A

SPINES
Characteristic
-unsegmented, unbranched, hard
Function
-protection & structural support
SOFT RAYS
Characteristic
-segmented, branched, flexible
Function
-maneuverability

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9
Q

What are the two main functions of scales?

A

Protection, hydrodynamics (easier to swim)

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10
Q

What evolutionary trend is evident regarding the number and size of the scales in many groups of bony fishes?

A

Decrease in number and size of the scales during evolution.
Large, heavy, bony plates -> small, lightweight scales -> no scales

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11
Q

List and define the 4 main body shapes found in bony fishes.

A

Anguilliform, compressiform, fusiform, and globiform (globular).

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12
Q

Fusiform

A

Torpedo shaped body, efficient for swimming (e.g. tuna & billfishes

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13
Q

Anguilliform

A

Eel shape body, energy efficient, not fast, fit in tight places (e.g. eels)

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14
Q

Compressiform

A

Compressed body shape laterally or dorso-ventrally flattened, hard to see, fit into small places (e.g. many coral reef fishes & flatfishes)

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15
Q

Globiform

A

Global shaped body (e.g. porcupinefish)

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16
Q

List and define the 5 main coloration patterns found in bony fishes

A

Cryptic, disruptive, advertisement, ocelli and countershading.

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17
Q

Cryptic

A

Blending in with the environment (camouflage)

18
Q

Advertisement

A

Sexual selection (flashy colors to show off male sex) bight colors in males show they are healthy and have the best genes for survival

19
Q

Disruptive

A

Break the outline of body so predators cannot tell what they are (striped fish-> dark light shows only the light color of the stripes, light light shows only the dark color of the stripes -> confuses predator)

20
Q

Ocelli

A

False eye spots (a spot on fish that looks like an eye to trick predators that the head is located there)

21
Q

Countershading

A

Pelagic fishes (dark while looking down on the fish, light while looking up at the fish = camouflage)

22
Q

What is the lateral line system?

A

-Sensory system that detects vibrations in water.
-It is a series of canals with pores and neuromasts (cupola & cilia).
-Signal to brain depends on the direction of bending of the cilia.

23
Q

What are neuromasts?

A

-A sensory organ in the lateral line system.
-It is made of cupola and cilia that moves with water movement that enters the canal of the lateral line through the lateral line pore.

24
Q

What are the main functions of the lateral line system?

A

To detect vibration in the water
-schooling (pack of fishes moving together)
-from predators
-from prey
-from obstacles

25
Q

Gonochorism

A

Only one sex, either female or male NOT both.

26
Q

Sequential hermaphroditism vs simultaneous hermaphroditism

A

Hermaphroditism-> both sexes
Sequential-> change sex during life
Simultaneous-> male and female at the same time *DO NOT FERTILIZE YOURSELF!

27
Q

Protandry

A

Male -> female (e.g. clownfish)
*good for monogamous(one partner) relationships -> bigger female fish to produce mor eggs
*when elder female dies oldest male turns into a female

28
Q

Protogyny

A

Female -> male (e.g. parrot fishes)
*good for polygamous(more than one partner) -> one male mates w/ multiple females
*fishes that were able to survive long enough to become a male = better genes for survival -> pass on genes as male
*male sneakers (adult males that look like juveniles) -> evolved to look like juveniles so they can mate with females without competing with the big male adults b/c they think they are juveniles

29
Q

Sexual dimorphism

A

Two shapes or forms
*external characteristics -> define if male or female

30
Q

Broadcast spawning

A

Male squirts sperm into water, female either relates their eggs or keep them

31
Q

Describe why the discovery of the first coelacanth was so important

A

It was thought that coelacanth were extinct for 65 million years ago with the dinosaurs.

32
Q

When and where was the first coelacanth discovered?

A

In 1938 Marjorie Courtenay-Latimer found one in South Africa

33
Q

What is the genus name of this animal in honor of?

A

The genus name Latimeria chalumnae is in honor of the women who found it, Marjorie Courtenay-Latimer

34
Q

How many living species of coelacanths have been described so far?

A

Two living species have been described so far

35
Q

What do we mean when we say that coelacanths are “living fossils”?

A

It means that the species is still alive today

36
Q

What are the closest living relatives to the tetrapods?

A

Lungfishes

37
Q

What does the word “tetrapod” refer to?

A

Four legs

38
Q

Name the 3 groups of tetrapods.

A

Amphibians, Reptiles, and Mammals

39
Q

Where are lungfishes found today?

A

Africa, South American, and Australia

40
Q

What is unique about the anatomy of lungfishes?

A

That they have lungs and gills, meaning they can breathe in and out of the water

Marine Biology (6 decks)

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