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Marine Biology > Chapter 19 > Flashcards

Chapter 19 Flashcards

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1
Q

Recognize some of the animals that are included in the group Chondrichthyes?

A

Sharks, rays, skates, and chimaera

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2
Q

What is the name Chondrichthyes referring to?

A

Cartilage fishes

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3
Q

Describe the differences between bone and cartilage, advantages and disadvantages

A

*Cartilage is light weight and flexible
*Bone is hard and not flexible
*advantage of cartilage -> light weight and flexible
*disadvantage of having cartilage instead of bone -> bone heals faster due to better blood supply, and provides protection and structural support; which cartilage does not

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4
Q

What are placoid scales?

A

Tooth like organs on the skin of the fish

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5
Q

What are they like structurally and what are their functions?

A

They are structurally like teeth, their function is protection and easier to swim through water

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6
Q

How can you sex these animals?

A

By seeing if the animal has a clasper or not; females don’t have claspers while males do

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7
Q

What are claspers?

A

Copulatory organs: responsible of delivery sperm to the female

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8
Q

The three reproductive strategies found in Chondrichthyes.

A

*Oviparity
*Viviparity
*Aplacental Viviparty

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9
Q

oviparity

A

Release egg into environment; embryo receives nourishment via yolk sac

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10
Q

aplacental viviparity

A

Embryos kept inside mother’s uteri (two); embryo receives nourishment via yolk sac

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11
Q

viviparity

A

Embryos kept inside mother’s uteri (two); embryo receives nourishment via placenta-like organ

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12
Q

What is a fusiform body?

A

Torpedo shaped body, most efficient for swimming.

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13
Q

Name the external anatomy of the shark.

A

pectoral fins, pelvic fins, dorsal fins, anal fin, caudal fin, claspers, spiracles, gills slits, external nares, lateral line, ampullae of Lorenzini.

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14
Q

pectoral fins

A

Ventral pair of fins used for lift and maneuverability

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15
Q

Pelvic fins

A

Ventral pair of fins used for balance.

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16
Q

Dorsal fins

A

Dorsal (top) fins used for balance.

17
Q

Anal fin

A

Fin behind the anus used for balance (in some sharks)

18
Q

Caudal fin

A

Fin located in tail region used for propulsion and lift

19
Q

Claspers

A

Only on male on pelvic fins used for grabbing female and transferring sperm

20
Q

Spiracles

A

Above the eye area used to bring water in, to go by gills for gas exchange.

21
Q

Gill slits

A

Water leaves the body through the gill slits while it passes out gas is exchanged.

22
Q

External nares

A

Nostrils on the nose used for smell NOT BREATHING

23
Q

Lateral line

A

A sensory system to detect vibrations in water.

24
Q

Ampullae of lorenzini

A

Canals and conduction gel
-uses
Electroreception (detect electrical fields) -> allows to detect prey
Orientation relative to magnetic field of earth -> navigate
Location of the prey

25
Q

How do sharks breathe?

A

Either through ram ventilation or pumping using mouth / spiracles

26
Q

What is ram ventilation?

A

Swimming with mouth open, water comes in, water comes out through gills where gas exchange happens for breathing.

27
Q

What is unique about the jaws and teeth of sharks?

A

-Jaws are partially calcified (when skeleton of shark is made of cartilage) with several rows of deciduous (continuously replace teeth throughout their life) teeth
-upper jaws are not fused to the cranium which allows for it to protrude from its cranium

28
Q

How do sharks achieve a greater surface area for nutrient absorption and digestion in their
intestine?

A

With the spiral valve

29
Q

What is the spiral valve?

A

Like a spiral staircase in the intestine of the shark to increase surface area for nutrient absorption (since sharks have a small intestine and do not chew their food)

30
Q

Describe the ampullae of Lorenzini: general structure and functions

A

Canals and conduction gel
-uses
Electroreception (detect electrical fields) -> allows to detect prey
Orientation relative to magnetic field of earth -> navigate
Location of the prey

31
Q

How are the bodies of rays and skates different from those in sharks?

A

The bodies of rays and skates are dorsoventrally flattened (a flat shark)
- gill slits, external nares, and mouth are ventral(bottom)
-eyes and spiracles are dorsal(top)

32
Q

How are the claspers of chimaeras different from those of sharks, rays and skates

A

Males with a copulatory organ on their head (Cephalic clasper)
*used only to hold onto the female NOT to transfer sperm

Marine Biology (6 decks)

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