CHAPTER 2 with Statistical Refresher Flashcards
In this era, psychological testing was used to evaluate candidates for
government positions in areas like music, archery, and law.
Ancient China (2200 B.C.E)
In this era, psychology began emerging as a science, with Christian von Wolff recognizing psychological measurement as a field.
the Renaissance
In this era, tests emphasized knowledge of classical literature, equating
mastery with wisdom necessary for public office
Song Dynasty (960-1279 C.E)
In this era, traits were linked to bodily fluids, which can be seen as an early attempt to categorize personality.
Ancient Greek and Romans
Who founded the first psychology lab in Germany?
Wilhelm Wundt
Who coined the term “mental test”?
James McKeen Cattell
Who developed test reliability and factor analysis?
Charles Spearman
Who collaborated with Binet on measuring higher mental processes?
Victor Henri
Who pioneered the word “association test”?
Emil Kraepelin
who founded the first psychological clinic in the U.S. and is known as the “founder of clinical psychology,” launching the Psychological Clinic journal in 1907.
Lightner Witmer
What was the old name for the Wechsler Adult Intelligence Scale?
Wechsler-Believue Intelligence Scale
who developed a 30-item intelligence test to identify children in Paris with
Intellectual disabilities?
Binet and Theodore Simon
What intelligence tests were developed during World War I to classify new soldiers based on their cognitive abilities?
Army Alpha and Army Beta
What military test was distributed to determine whether draftees could read English, but also to evaluate soldiers so that they could be assigned to tasks or training in alignment with their abilities?
Army Alpha
What military test was developed for those men with limited literacy who were unable to respond to the written test?
Army Beta
What test was a self-report measure of personality designed to assess emotional stability, particularly in military settings?
Woodworth Psychoneurotic Inventory
What questionnaire was developed to assess adjustment and stability discreetly, and who developed it?
Personal Data Sheet
Robert S. Woodworth
these tests were developed to circumvent the limitations of self-reports, projective tests allow individuals to
“project” unconscious feelings, needs, and motivations onto ambiguous stimuli
projective tests
this measure of personality focused on what individuals provide information
about themselves through direct responses, self-monitoring, or diaries.
self-report method
why is the self-report method unreliable?
self-reports can lack objectivity as people
may not have accurate self-insight or might withhold personal information
this projective test uses inkblots to
reveal unconscious elements of
personality, developed by Hermann
Rorschach
Rorschach Inkblot Test
this projective test was popularized by Henry A. Murray and Christiana D. Morgan, this test uses ambiguous pictures to encourage storytelling that reflects inner conflicts and desires.
Thematic Apperception Test (TAT)
which key figure adopted Binet’s test in the US and led the immigration testing project?
he reported high rates of
“feeblemindedness” among various immigrant groups (e.g., 83% of Jews, 80% of Hungarians, 79% of Italians, and 87% of Russians).
his study sparked debates on the nature versus nurture aspects of intelligence and the cultural biases present in intelligence testing
Henry H. Goddard
this term, in the context of psychological assessment is defined as “the socially transmitted behavior patterns, beliefs, and products of work of a particular
population, community, or group of people”
Culture
these tests were developed for use within a single cultural group to minimize cultural and linguistic bias
culture-specific tests
this term, in the context of psychological assessment, established rules that individuals must follow for the benefit of society. They are designed to maintain order and protect the welfare of the community.
Laws
this term, in the context of psychological assessment, refers to a set of principles regarding what constitutes right, proper, or good conduct. Ethics guide behavior within professions and society.
ethics
this term refers to the recognized standards within professional fields that define the expected conduct of practitioners
codes of ethics
this term refers to the level of diagnostic or therapeutic services that a reasonably prudent professional would provide in similar circumstances.
emphasizes the responsibility of
professionals to meet a baseline of quality in their services, ensuring that they act in the best interest of their clients or patients under
prevailing conditions
standard of care
what was published by the APA Committee on Ethical Standards for
Psychology for the classification of tests based on the level of expertise required for their administration and interepretation?
Ethical Standards for the Distribution of Psychological Tests and Diagnostic Aids
what is the level of expertise required for tests that can be administered, scored,
and interpreted using the manual with
basic training in the relevant organizational context?
Examples: Achievement and proficiency tests
Level A
what is the level of expertise required for tests that require some technical knowledge of test construction and use,
along with an understanding of related
fields such as statistics, psychology, and
educational principles?
Examples: Aptitude tests and adjustment inventories for normal populations
Level B
this type of scale includes variables that can theoretically be divided infinitely
Examples include measurements like height and depression levels, which can
take on a wide range of values.
Continuous Scales
what is the level of expertise that is required for tests that necessitate substantial expertise in testing and supporting psychological fields, as well as supervised experience in using these
tests?
Example: Projective tests and individual mental tests
Level C
what is the difference between confidentiality and privilege?
confidentiality protects communications outside of legal settings while privilege also does protects information from
being disclosed in court; however, it is
not absolute and can be overridden by
court orders
this type of scales consists of categorical values that cannot be subdivided
Examples include gender categories (e.g., male or female)
Discrete Scales
this term refers to the collective influence of all factors affecting a test score that are not specifically measured by the test itself. It can arise from various sources and may impact the accuracy of the test results
error
what are the three levels of measurement for variables?
nominal, ordinal, interval/ratio
in this level of measurement, it involves classification based on distinguishing characteristics
Categories must be mutually
exclusive and exhaustive
Examples include types of fruit
(e.g., apples vs. oranges) and
DSM-IV diagnoses.
Nominal
in this level of measurement, it allows for classification and rank ordering of items
While they indicate relative
positioning, they do not specify
the magnitude of differences
Example: Olympic medal
rankings (gold, silver, bronze)
Ordinal Scales
This level of measurement has equal intervals between values, meaning each unit is the same distance apart.
Example: IQ scores and many
psychological measures are
treated as interval data for
statistical analysis
Interval
in this level of measurement, scales are similar to interval scales but
include a true zero point, allowing for the expression of absolute quantities
Examples: Height and reaction
time.
Ratio
this term refers to a set of test scores arrayed for recording or study.
Distribution
what is frequency distribution?
a description of data wherein all scores are listed alongside the number of times each score occurred
this term refers to the straightforward, unmodified accounting of performance that is usually numerical.
Raw Score
this measure of central tendency is calculated by summing all observations
(or test scores) and dividing by the total
number of observations.
Represents the arithmetic average of
the data set
Arithmetic Mean
this term refers to a statistical measure that identifies the average or central point of a data set, reflecting the
midmost score in a distribution. It provides insight into the typical performance or characteristics of a group.
central tendency
this measure of central tendency refers to the middle score when all scores in a
distribution are arranged in ascending
or descending order
Particularly useful for datasets with
outliers or extreme scores, as it is less
affected by skewed data
median
this measure of central tendency is the most frequently occurring score in
a distribution
If two scores have the highest
frequency, the distribution is referred
to as?
mode
bimodal
this term describes the asymmetry of a
distribution
skewness
what type of skew indicates that a small
number of scores are at the high end of
the distribution.
positive skew
this term refers to the “peakedness” of a
distribution
Kurtosis
what does it mean if a distribution is platykurtic?
the distribution is relatively flat
what does it mean if a distribution is leptokurtic?
the distribution is relatively peaked
what does it mean if a distribution is mesokurtic?
the distribution has a moderate peak, typical of a normal distribution
this term refers to statistics that describe the extent of variation or dispersion within a distribution of scores
measures of variability
this term refers to the average of the absolute deviations of scores from the mean, indicating how much scores vary from the average
average deviation
this term refers to the arithmetic mean of the squared differences between each score and the mean.
It quantifies the degree of spread
in the data.
Variance
this measure of variability refers to the difference between the highest and lowest scores in a distribution
range
this measure of variability refers to the difference between the third quartile (Q3) and the first quartile (Q1) of a distribution
It measures the range of the middle 50% of scores.
interquartile range (IQR)
this term refers to the raw score that has been transformed to fit a different scale, which has a predetermined mean and standard deviation.
Standard Score
this type of standard score is a measure that indicates how many standard deviations a raw score is above or below the mean of its distribution.
Z-score
this type of standard score is a standardized score where the mean is
set at 50 and the standard deviation is
set at 10.
T-score
what is the difference between t-score and z-score?
Z-scores are used when dealing with larger sample sizes (n > 30) and known population standard deviation, while t-scores are used for smaller sample sizes (n < 30) and unknown population standard deviation
this term refers to something that quantifies the strength and direction of the relationship between two variables
coefficient of correlation (or correlation coefficient)
what does a positive correlation mean?
Both variables move in the
same direction (increase or decrease together).
what does a negative correlation mean?
One variable increases while the other decreases
this term refers to a statistical technique that enables researchers to combine and analyze data from multiple studies to assess the relationship between variables.
Meta-Analysis
what is the purpose of meta-analysis?
To synthesize findings from different studies, providing a more comprehensive understanding of the data being investigated
this term refers to something that quantifies the strength of the relationship between variables.
effect size
this calculation method is used for continuous and linearly related variables.
Indicates the degree of linear correlation between two variables.
Once calculated, the correlation
coefficient should be tested for
statistical significance (commonly at a
p-value < .05)
Pearson r
this calculation method is obtained by squaring the Pearson r value (r²)
Represents the proportion of variance
shared between the two variables.
Coefficient of Determination
this calculation method is used primarily for ordinal data or small sample sizes
A non-parametric measure that
assesses how well the relationship
between two variables can be described
using a monotonic function.
Spearman Rho
