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Multiple Murder > Chapter 2: Why do we do it? > Flashcards

Chapter 2: Why do we do it? Flashcards

1
Q

Sociological criminology examines

A
  • Patterns of crime within social structure
  • Dynamics of interaction between individuals and social institutions
  • Effects of social stratification
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2
Q

Development of Biological Theory

A

Sociobiology and criminology

  • Biology, environment and learning are mutually interdependent
  • Personal traits separate deviant from non-deviant
  • Personal traits account for different responses to similar conditions
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3
Q

Cesare Lomboroso (1835-1909)

A
  • Known as “father of criminology”
  • Concept of ‘phrenology’
  • Poor research method
    Ideas were abandoned in early 20th century
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4
Q

Contemporary Trait Theories

A
  • Criminality can be explained by individual differences
    Both biological and psychological
    May be genetic, neurological or chemical
  • Focus on basic human drives, not legal definitions
    E.g., aggression, impulsivity
  • Trait works in combination with environmental and social factors
    Focuses on chronic offenders, criminal careers
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5
Q

Hormones

A

Used to explain gender differences in behaviour
- Associated with impulsivity, emotional volatility and antisocial emotions

Androgens
- Testosterone has been linked to violence

PMS

  • Belief that antisocial behaviour increases shortly before menstruation
  • Research evidence mixed
  • PMS defence only used a few times
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6
Q

Neurophysiology -

Brain Scans

A

Impairments in prefrontal lobes thalamus, medial temporal lobe, superior parietal and left angular gyrus areas of the brain

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7
Q

Neurophysiology -

MBD (minimal brain dysfunction)

A

May be manifested in episodes of rage associated with child and spousal abuse, suicide, homicide
Common in prison populations

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8
Q

Arousal Theory

A
  • High risk activity causes arousal (stimulation)

- Too much arousal causes anxiety, too little causes boredom

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9
Q

“Sensation seekers”

A

Require high levels of stimulation, seek our exciting activities
May include criminal & violent activities

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10
Q

Level of arousal may be result of

A

Brain chemistry, number brain cells with neurotransmitter, receptor sites, heart rate

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11
Q

Evolutionary Views of Crime

A

1) Aggression facilitates dominance over scarce resources
- Provides advantage in survival and reproduction
2) Gender differences in reproduction encourage aggression in males
- More sexual partners, more offspring
- Aggressive males have greater impact on gene pool
- Accounts for jealousy, war, spousal abuse

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12
Q

Social Learning Theory

A

Basic premises of behaviourism
- Behaviour is supported by rewards, extinguished by punishments
Crime is learned response to life situations

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13
Q

Social Learning Theory - Albert Banudra

A
  • Aggression is learned, not innate
  • Requires personal observation of aggression or rewards for aggression
  • Involves behavior modeling of family members, community members and mass media
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14
Q

Social Learning of Violence

A

Violence and aggression are produced by:

  • An arousal event (provocation)
  • Learned aggressive skills
  • Expected success and rewards
  • Pro-violence values
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15
Q

Media & Violence

A
  • Aggressive scripts
    Violence is copied
  • TV violence increases arousal level
  • TV violence promotes attitude change
  • TV violence promotes justification for violence
  • Media violence may disinhibit aggressive behaviour
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16
Q

Rational Choice Theory
Classical Theorist
Cesare Beccaria (1738-1794)

A
  • On crimes and punishment (1764)

- “Let the punishment fit the crime”

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17
Q

Principles of Rational Choice Theory

A
  • Crime is result of careful thought & planning
  • Criminals choose crime based on
    Personal needs
    Situational factors
  • Crime depends on
    Chances of being caught
    Anticipated punishment
    Need for gain
18
Q

Structuring Criminality

Decision to commit crime depends on:

A

1) The location
- Ability to avoid detection
2) The target
- No one home, cash in till
3) The available means & techniques
- Skills & tools needed for the job

19
Q

General Deterrence

A

Fear of punishment which inhibits crime results from

1) Certainty of punishment
2) Severity of punishment
3) Celerity (speed) of punishment

20
Q

Why Death Penalty Is Ineffective

A
  • Murder is often a “crime of passion”, not planning
  • Occurs under the influence of alcohol, drugs
  • By-product of crimes related to poverty
21
Q

Specific Deterrence

A

Convicted criminals

  • High rates of recidivism
  • ⅔ of incarcerated are rearrested within 3 years
  • Recidivism lower for those on probation
22
Q

Can Incapacitation Deter Crime?

A
  • Research is inconclusive
  • Incarceration may increase recidivism
  • Strict incarceration may reduce violent crime
23
Q

Structural Theories of Violence

Basic Perspectives

A
  • Economic class position is the primary cause of crime
  • Economic and social forces in low income neighbourhoods push residents into crime
  • Crime is mainly the work of youth gangs and underemployed young adults
24
Q

Social Structure Theories - Strain Theory

A

Barriers to achievement create frustration and anger, resulting in crime

25
Q

Strain Theory -

Poverty

A
  • Development of isolated lower-class culture
  • Lack of conventional socal opportunities
  • Racial and ethnic discrimination
26
Q

Strain Theory -

Maintenance of Conventional Rules and Norms

A
  • Remain loyal to conventional values and rules of dominant middle-class
27
Q

Strain Theory -

Strain

A
  • Lack of opportunity coupled with desire for conventional success produces strain and frustration
28
Q

Strain Theory -

Formation of Gangs and Groups

A
  • Youth form violating groups to seek alternative means of achieving success
29
Q

Strain Theory -

Crime and Deliquency

A
  • Methods of groups (theft, violence, substance abuse) are defined as legal by the dominant culture
30
Q

Strain Theory -

Criminal Careers

A
  • Most youthful gang members “age out” of crime

- Some continue as adult criminals

31
Q

Cultural Deviance Theory

A

Criminal behaviour reflects distinctive values and attitude of lower class

32
Q

Coping with Strain

A

Crime (violence) results from:

  • Continuous or repeated strain
  • Few resources for coping with strain
33
Q

Coping with Strain

Explains

A

Peaking of crime in adolescence

34
Q

Coping with Strain

Support for GST

A
  • Indicators of strain (family break-up, school failure) are associated with crime
  • Stress and anger are associated with crime
35
Q

Jackman 4 themes

1

A

the important of physical injuries vs. psychological, social, and material injuries

36
Q

Jackman 4 themes

2

A

the weight placed on physical vs. verbal and written actions

37
Q

Jackman 4 themes

3

A

the role of force vs. the victim complicity in the infliction of injuries

38
Q

Jackman 4 themes

4

A

the emphasis on interpersonal vs. corporate agents and victims

39
Q

Code of the Street

Anderson

A

poor young African American male develops a code of the street when strong sense of personal honour combined with corresponding emphasis on guarding against personal affronts and insults

40
Q

Social Structure Theories - Social Disorganization Theory

A

Urban conditions of underemployment and poverty undermine social institutions which normally control criminal behaviour.

41
Q

Social Structure Theories - Cultural Deviance Theory

A

Criminal behaviour reflects distinctive values and attitudes of lower class.

42
Q

What theory best explains the phenomenon of violence?

A

no one theory can be used to explain the phenomenon of violence

Multiple Murder (8 decks)

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