Chapter 1: Defining Violence Flashcards
Types of Violence -
Instrumental
Violence is means to an end
Designed to improve financial or social position of the criminal
- Inheritance
Types of Violence -
Expressive
Violence that vents rage, anger or frustration
- Serves to fill internal/intrinsic desire
3 Interconnected Types of Violence
Interpersonal
Person to person
murder, rape
3 Interconnected Types of Violence
Institutional
Violence perpetrated in organizational settings (family violence, corporate, and workplace violence)
3 Interconnected Types of Violence
Structural Violence
Discriminatory social agreements in light of negative effects on life changes on particular groups
Jackman Ranges of Injurious Outcomes
- Psychological Outcomes
- Fear
- Anxiety
- Shame
- Low self esteem
Jackman Ranges of Injurious Outcomes -
Material Outcomes
- Destruction
- Confiscation
- Defacement of property
- Loss of earnings
- Loss of material goods
Jackman Ranges of Injurious Outcomes
- Social Outcomes
- Public humiliation
- Stigmatization
- Exclusion
- Imprisonment
- Banishment
Jackman Ranges of Injurious Outcomes
- Most Profound Effects
Most profound effects of physical violence are often nonphysical
Measuring Violence - 2 Significant Reasons
Important for 2 reasons
- Assuming that we as a society have mutually agreed on and accepted common definition of violence, any subsequent social or public response to violence requires knowledge of its scope, magnitude and location in society
- Measure themselves are grounded in actions, decisions & interpretations of individuals who measure it, very act of measurement itself is aspect of reality construction
UCR
- Police Stats
- Launched in 1961
- Applied to standard definition of all offences using the UCR manual and stats Canada
- Canadian Centre for Justice Statistics
^ collects & reports data - Collects information about each crime, greater detail.
- Information on victims, accused, and circumstances of the incident type
- Most police forces participate, reporting about 60% of crimes.
- But better analyses of crime trends
- Under this system, information is collected from more than 400 municipal police departments across Canada on 91 detailed categories of crime
- Annually, the government publishes data on types of offences and characteristics of offenders
UCR2
- 1984: revised UCR2 collects information about each crime; 148 police forces participate (90% of all crime)
^ More details of each crime (accused and victim characteristics) - Use of incident based date allows for a more specific sense of how and why offences occurs
Limitations of UCR
- Only most serious offence is counted when there is more than one offence involved in incident
- Each act is listed as a single offence for some crimes but not for others
CSI (crime severity index)
- Measure both volume and severity of police reported crime in Canada
- Created to reflect different rates in volume and seriousness of different crimes
- Assigns weight to different crimes so that large changes in less serious crimes do not unduly affect crime rates
Victim Surveys
Victimization surveys are used to measure the number of crimes not reported to the police.
United States since 1966, Canada since 1988
- Mainly telephone interviews
- Often include questions about fear of crime
Canadian Urban.
Victimization Survey (CUVS)
General Social Survey (GSS)
- Most violence & property crimes are not reported to police
- People only report crime which involves major loss or injury
Violence Against Women Survey (VAWS)
International Youth Survey
Advantages of Victimization Surveys
- Helps estimate unreported crime
- Helps explain why victim don’t report crime
- Provide information about impact of crime on victims and identifies populations at risk
Limitations of Victimization Surveys
- Underreporting (many crimes are forgotten by victims of seem insignificant)
- Repose bias (white more likely to report victimization than Blacks and University graduates more than the less educated)
Characteristics of Violent Victimization - 2014 GSS
- Women at higher risk than men of victims of violent crime
- Age was the key risk factor
- Drug use, binge drinking and frequency of evening activities were associated with risk of victimization
- Mental health risk factor
- People who suffered child maltreatment more likely to be victims
- People with history of homelessness more likely to being victimized
- Risk of violent victimization higher among people residing in neighbourhood with low social cohesion
- Members of the LGBT community recorded high victimization rates
- Aboriginal people, in particular women, were more likely to be victims
1. 4 of violent incidents took place at victim’s place of work - The majority of offenders were male and, on average, in their early thirties
- Most victims knew their attacker
- Most violent incidents did not involve weapons and did not result in physical injury
Self Report Surveys
- Asking people about crimes they may have committed
- Not necessarily reported to police
- Questions about subjects attitudes, values, personal characteristics and behaviours
- Information used for various purposes (measure attitudes toward criminal offences; examine relationships between crime and certain social variables)
- Used to measure prevalence of offending
Most focus on youth, drug offences, specific criminological subjects
Victimization Surveys
%’s
men (4%) and women (4%) are equal
but women are more sexually assaulted
men more physically assaulted
UCR 2019 violent crime
accounted for 1/5 (22%) of all criminal code offences (not including traffic offences)
Annual Increase 2019
11% rise per population (1,277 per 100,000)
largest annual increase in violent crime dating back to 1998
Violence Replicated in Different Spheres
Examples how violence overlaps in different contexts
- More society engages in ‘legitimate violence’ the more ‘illegitimate violence’ there will be
- ‘brutalization hypothesis’ which argues states with death penalty have higher rates of homicide than those that don’t; essentially argument says death penalty desensitizes society to killing and devalues human life which increases tolerance toward lethal behaviour
- War also found to increase rates of illegitimate violence, not just among returning soldiers in domestic realm, but within larger soceity as well. Study by Archer and Gartner found that most combatant nations experienced significant postwar increases in rates of homicide
Overlapping Violence (Macro/Micro)
Examples of people engaging in violence in multiple spheres would include:
- Athletes in violent/contact sports who commit violent crimes (e.g. sexual assault, domestic violence)
- Military and/or law enforcement officials and problem of domestic violence among its members