Chapter 2 - What's Inside The Cells

Question 1

Major composition of organic compounds

Answer 1

Carbon

Question 2

Major source of fuel in the production of energy

Answer 2

Hydrogen

Question 3

Essential part of water molecule and organic compound

Answer 3

Oxygen

Question 4

Key element in proteins

Answer 4

Nitrogen

Question 5

Major component of nucleic acids and energy-rich compound

Answer 5

Phosphorus

Question 6

Part of some amino acids and vitamins

Answer 6

Sulfur

Question 7

Major components of bones and acts as biological signals in the body

Answer 7

Calcium

Question 8

Essential for nerve function

Answer 8

Sodium and potassium

Question 9

Acts as a thermostat to regulate body temperature

Answer 9

Iodine

Question 10

Needed by plants to incorporate nitrogen into a biologically useful substance

Answer 10

Molybdenum

Question 11

Carrier of oxygen in the blood

Answer 11

Iron

Question 12

Each elements is composed of identical particles called

Answer 12

Atoms

Question 13

Positively charged

Answer 13

Proton

Question 14

Negatively charged

Answer 14

Electron

Question 15

Uncharged

Answer 15

Neutron

Question 16

Attractions between ions of opposite charges

Answer 16

Ionic bonds

Question 17

The type of bond when atoms of many elements share electrons is called

Answer 17

Covalent bond

Question 18

Attraction between shared atoms

Answer 18

Electronegativity

Question 19

An equal sharing of electrons

Answer 19

Nonpolar molecules

Question 20

Atoms of two or more elements that are chemically bonded compromised another pure substance called

Answer 20

Compounds

Question 21

Compounds without carbon

Answer 21

Inorganic compound

Question 22

Compounds with carbon

Answer 22

Organic compound

Question 23

Weak covalent bonds between a hydrogen atom and another atom

Answer 23

Hydrogen bond

Question 24

Most abundant inorganic compound inside the cell’s protoplasm

Answer 24

Water

Question 25

Water characteristics and functions in living systems

Answer 25

- Water is a biological solvent * has the ability to dissolve many substances - Water molecules stick to each other and to surfaces * stick to one another through its hydrogen atoms in a property called cohesion * also cling to other surfaces called adhesion * excellent transport system - Water has high surface tension * water molecules strongly attract each other - Water has high heat capacity * prevents abrupt temperature changes in organisms - Water has high heat of vaporization * turn liquid to gas * helps prevent organisms from dehydration - Water has high heat of fusion * turn liquid to solid state or ice * organisms are protected from freezing at low temperatures - Water is a medium where chemical and physical processes take place * provides a medium for the breakdown and the formation of food, absorption, secretion, and excretion - Water serves as a moisturizer of surfaces - Water is a lubricant * prevents friction in joints during movement, in the heart during contraction, and in the intestines during digestion - Water is a good cushion * protects the brain and spinal chord

Question 26

Some covalent bonds of compounds break spontaneously into ions when dissolved in water. When this happens, hydrogen ion dissociates from the water molecule. This produce a positively particle and a negatively particle called

Answer 26

``` Hydrogen ion (positive) Hydroxide ion (negative) ```

Question 27

Process involved in spontaneous ion formation

Answer 27

Ionization

Question 28

Compounds that release hydrogen ions in solution

Answer 28

Acids

Question 29

A mixture of weak acid and its corresponding base that controls the pH of a given substance

Answer 29

Buffer

Question 30

Compounds that can be acid, base or salt

Answer 30

Electrolytes

Question 31

Moves to positively charged electrodes

Answer 31

Cations

Question 32

Move to negatively charged electrodes

Answer 32

Anions

Question 33

Bicarbonate

Answer 33

- Regulates heart function | - Maintains body’s pH balanced

Question 34

Calcium

Answer 34

- Component of bones and teeth | - Plays an important role in the nerve impulses and muscle movement

Question 35

Chloride

Answer 35

- Maintains water balance

Question 36

Magnesium

Answer 36

- Aids in production of DNA and RNA - Contributes to normal nerve and muscle function - Maintains normal heart rhythm - Enhances immune system - Regulates blood glucose levels

Question 37

Phosphate

Answer 37

- Strengthens bones and teeth

Question 38

Potassium

Answer 38

- Helps cells produce energy needed for tissue growth and repair - Aids in generating electrical impulses in the body for normal brain and muscle functioning

Question 39

Sodium

Answer 39

- Helps with electrical signals in the body | - Part of water regulation

Question 40

Inorganic compound that is essential for organisms that perform photosynthesis

Answer 40

Carbon dioxide