Chapter 2 week 2 - Pharmacological principles Flashcards
Define Drug
Chemical that affects the physiological processes of a living organism
Pharmacology
Study or science of drugs
3 types of names that can relate to identifying drugs
- Chemical name: describes chemical composition of the molecule
- Generic name: official name approved by health Canada
- Trade name: registered trademark
There are 3 phases of drug activity. What are they?
- Pharmaceutical Phase
- Pharmacokinetic phase
- Pharmacodynamic phase
Define what is Pharmaceutics?
the study of how drug form affects the body
What is dissolution?(apart of Pharmaceutics)
it is the dissolving of solid dosage forms and their ways of absorption
What can be a factor of dissolution to occur
The form of medication
for example, it can be oral, meaning solid form(tablet, capsule or powder), or liquid form(solution or suspension)
What is EC? what does it do?
It means “Enteric Coated”. this is a special coating on the tablet, and it prevents the med from being broken down in the stomach.
This allows for the absorption to occur in the alkaline pH of the intestines, resulting in a slower dissolution AND absorption
what is the order of oral medication absorption speed from fastest to slowest? 7 different types
FASTEST
Liquids
suspension solutions
powders
capsules
tablets
coated tablets
Enteric-coated tablets
SLOWEST
How are drugs administered?
Enteral: Gastrointestinal tract
Parenteral: anything other than Gastrointestinal(Injection for example)
Topical: body surface
How does enteral route apportion work. What are the 4 ways of absorbing through this?
Absorbed into systemic circulation through stomach, mucosa, small and large intestine
Oral
Sublingual(under tongue)
Buccal(oral mucosa between cheek/gum)
Rectal(can use topical meds)
What factors can impact absorption?
Empty stomach
taken WITH food - minimized gastrointestinal irritation
Taken with food - enhances the effect(more stomach acid released)
Enteric-coated tablets - allows to pass through stomach acid into intestines
What are some Parenteral routes?
Intravenous
intramuscular
subcutaneous
intradermal
intra arterial
intrathecal(spine canal/subarachnoid space)
Intra-Articular(joint space)
What’s re some Topical Routes?
Skin
Eyes
Ears
Nose
Lungs(asthma meds)
Rectum
Vagina
What is first-Pass routes?
When the medication goes through the liver, loosing some of its potency, making it weaker
example: med with 100% potency would drop to 80% potency after passing through liver
What are the 4 First-Pass routes
Hepatic arterial
Oral
Portal venous
Rectal
What is Pharmacokinetics?
Study of what the body does to the drug after administration
What makes up phase 2 of Pharmacokinetics? what easy acronym can u use?
Absorption
Distribution
Metabolism
Excretion
ADME
In Absorption, what is the movement that happens?
site of administration - bloodstream - distribution to tissues
What is bioavailability
The extent of drug absorption
What is the movement during distribution?
Transport - bloodstream - site of action
Describe Protein-Albumin
2 protein bound meds given at the same time, work together to create greater drug to drug interaction(stronger effects)
What goes on during metabolism of Pharmacokinetics?
its the process of making biochemical alteration of drug into inactive metabolite, soluble compound, potent metabolite, or less ACTIVE metabolite
What goes on during Excretion?
how the drug is eliminated from the body
Primarly from organ/kidney
liver or bowel also works
Renal excretion through kidney
Biliaryb excretion
Define what is half life in drugs
the time required for one half of given drug to be removed from the body
its the measure of the rate of elimination
Define drug action
the interactions between a drug and a cell
Define onset
time to have therapeutic effect
Peak effect
Tim to reach maximal therapeutic effect
Duration of action length
time given for therapeutic effect
What is Pharmacodynamics
relationship between drug concentration and response
Types of therapy
Acute - ill
Maintenance - chronic(hypertension)
Supplemental(or replacement) - insulin ex
Palliative - make comfortable
supportive - IV fluids
Prophylactic(prevent, or empirical(treat most likely cause)
