Chapter 2 Vocabulary

Question 1

Area of space a given distance from an atom’s nucleus in which electrons are grouped

Answer 1

Electron shell

Question 2

Compound consisting of more than two carbohydrate monomers bonded by dehydration synthesis via glycosidic bonds

Answer 2

Polysaccharide

Question 3

nitrogen-containing base with a double ring structure; adenine and guanine

Answer 3

purine

Question 4

change in the structure of a molecule through physical or chemical means

Answer 4

denaturation

Question 5

Group of atoms linked by strong covalent bonds that tends to behave as a distinct unit in chemical reactions with other atoms

Answer 5

Functional group

Question 6

Substance that does not contain both carbon and hydrogen

Answer 6

Inorganic compound

Question 7

building block of proteins; characterized by an amino and carboxyl functional groups and a variable sidechain

Answer 7

amino acid

Question 8

Class of nonpolar organic compounds built from hydrocarbons and distinguished by the fact that they are not soluble in water

Answer 8

Lipid

Question 9

unstable, heavy isotope that gives off subatomic particles, or electromagnetic energy, as it decays

Answer 9

radioactive isotope

Question 10

class of organic compounds built from sugars, molecules containing carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen in a 1-2-1 ratio

Answer 10

carbohydrate

Question 11

electrical force linking atoms

Answer 11

bond

Question 12

Attraction between an anion and a cation

Answer 12

Ionic bond

Question 13

one or more substance that enter into the reaction

Answer 13

reactant

Question 14

A lipid compound in which a phosphate group is combined with a diglyceride

Answer 14

Phospholipid

Question 15

pair of carbohydrate monomers bonded by dehydration synthesis via a glycosidic bond

Answer 15

disaccharide

Question 16

One of the variations of an element in which the number of neutrons differ from each other

Answer 16

Isotype

Question 17

ribose-containing nucleotide that helps manifest the genetic code as protein

Answer 17

ribonucleic acid (RNA)

Question 18

Class of organic compounds composed of one or more phosphate groups, a pentose sugar, and a base

Answer 18

Nucleotide

Question 19

solution containing a weak acid or a weak base that opposes wide fluctuations in the pH of body fluids

Answer 19

buffer

Question 20

smallest unit of an element that retains the unique properties of that element

Answer 20

atom

Question 21

nucleotide containing ribose and an adenine base that is essential in energy transfer

Answer 21

adenosine triphosphate (ATP)

Question 22

outermost electron shell of an atom

Answer 22

valence shell

Question 23

amount of energy greater than the energy contained in reactants, which must be overcome for a reaction to proceed

Answer 23

activation energy

Question 24

Covalent bond formed within a polypeptide between sulfide groups of sulfar-containing amino acids, for example, cysteine

Answer 24

Disulfide bond

Question 25

atom with a positive charge

Answer 25

cation

Question 26

Class or organic compounds that are composed of many amino acids linked together by peptide bonds

Answer 26

Protein

Question 27

chemical bond in which two atoms SHARE electrons, thereby completing their valence shells

Answer 27

covalent bond

Question 28

Dipole-dipole bond in which hydrogen atom covalently bonded to an electronegative atom is weakly attractred to a second electronegative atom

Answer 28

Hydrogen bond

Question 29

nitrogen-containing base with a single ring structure; cytosine, thiamine, and uracil

Answer 29

pyrimidine

Question 30

heavy subatomic particle having a positive charge and found in the atom's nucleus

Answer 30

proton

Question 31

Molecule with regions that have opposite charges resulting from uneven numbers of electrons in the nuclei of the atoms participating in the covalent bond

Answer 31

Polar molecule

Question 32

substance composed of two or more different elements joined by chemical bonds

Answer 32

compound

Question 33

Type of chemical reaction in which bonds are both formed and broken, resulting in the transfer of components

Answer 33

Exchange reaction

Question 34

atom with a negative charge

Answer 34

anion

Question 35

Sum of the number of protons and neutrons in the nucleus of an atom

Answer 35

Mass number

Question 36

homogeneous liquid mixture in which a solute is dissolved into molecules with a solvent

Answer 36

solution

Question 37

number of protons in the nucleus of an atom

Answer 37

atomic number

Question 38

reactant in an enzymatic reaction

Answer 38

substrate

Question 39

Subatomic particle having a negative charge and nearly no mass; found orbiting the atom’s nucleus

Answer 39

Electron

Question 40

substance that increases the rate of a chemical reaction without itself being changed in the process

Answer 40

catalyst

Question 41

compound that accepts hydrogen ions (H+) in a solution

Answer 41

base

Question 42

lipid compound composed of glycerol molecule bonded with three fatty acid chains

Answer 42

triglyceride

Question 43

compound that releases hydrogen ions (H+) in solution

Answer 43

acid

Question 44

form of energy that is absorbed as chemical bonds form, stored as they are maintained, and released as they are broken

Answer 44

chemical energy

Question 45

Covalent bond formed by dehydration synthesis between two amino acids

Answer 45

Peptide bond

Question 46

liquid mixture in which the solute particles consist of clumps of molecules large enough to scatter light

Answer 46

colloid

Question 47

Protein or RNA that catalyzed chemical reactions

Answer 47

Enzyme

Question 48

type of catabolic reaction in which one or more bonds within a larger molecule are broken, resulting in the release of smaller molecules or atoms

Answer 48

decomposition reaction

Question 49

type of anabolic reaction in which two or more atoms or molecules bond, resulting in the formation of a larger molecule.

Answer 49

synthesis reaction

Question 50

Lipid compound derived from fatty acid chains and important in regulating several body processes

Answer 50

Prostaglandin

Question 51

deoxyribose-containing nucleotide that stores genetic information

Answer 51

DNA - deoxyribonucleic acid

Question 52

Two or more atoms covalently bonded together

Answer 52

Molecule

Question 53

number of particles within a given space

Answer 53

concentration

Question 54

Addition of one or more phosphate groups to an organic compound

Answer 54

Phosphorylation

Question 55

Energy that matter possesses because of its motion

Answer 55

Kinetic energy

Question 56

Negative logarithm of the hydrogen ion (H+) concentration of a solution

Answer 56

pH

Question 57

Substance that cannot be created or broken down by ordinary chemical means

Answer 57

Element

Question 58

Monomer of carbohydrate; aka simple sugar

Answer 58

Monosaccharide

Question 59

Large molecule formed by covalent bonding

Answer 59

Macromolecule

Question 60

Atom with a overall positive or negative charge

Answer 60

Ion

Question 61

lipid compound composed of four hydrocarbon rings bonded to a variety of other atoms and molecules

Answer 61

steroid

Question 62

One or more substance produced by a chemical reaction

Answer 62

Product