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Z A&P Chapters 1-3 Study Guide > Chapter 2 Vocabulary > Flashcards

Chapter 2 Vocabulary Flashcards

1
Q

Element?

A

Simplest examples of matter with specific chemical properties

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2
Q

Compound?

A

Chemical combinations

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3
Q

Bulk element?

A

Elements the body requires in large amounts

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4
Q

Trace element?

A

Elements the body requires in small amounts

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5
Q

Ultra trace element?

A

Elements vital in small amounts but toxic in large amounts (e.g. arsenic)

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6
Q

Electron (e-)?

A

Negatively charged subatomic particle that occupies orbitals around the atomic nucleus

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7
Q

Nucleus at the atomic level?

A

Core of an atom, occupied by protons and neutrons

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8
Q

Proton (p+)?

A

Positively subatomic particle found in the nucleus of all atoms

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9
Q

Neutron?

A

Uncharged subatomic particle found in the atomic nucleus

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10
Q

Mass number?

A

Total number of protons and neutrons in the nucleus of an element’s atom

(Atomic mass = average of protons and neutrons)

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11
Q

Molecule?

A

Two or more atoms combine to form a distinctive type of particle

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12
Q

Molecular formula?

A

Shorthand used to depict the numbers and types of atoms in a molecule

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13
Q

Chemical bond?

A

An attractive force that arises between two atoms when their electrons interact

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14
Q

Electron shell?

A

The electrons of an atom that occupy one or more regions of space that encircle the nucleus

(Shell model = Model of electron distribution in an atom)

(2(n^2))

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15
Q

Valance electrons?

A

Electrons (e-) in the outermost, or valence shell which determine the chemical behavior of an atom

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16
Q

Octet rule?

A

Outer shell is full and unreactive

(Outermost electron shells filled = stable/unreactive-inert)

(The “desire for atoms to gain or lose electron to make a full out shell/octet of electrons)

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17
Q

Ion?

A

An atom that carries a charge because it has an unequal number of protons and electrons

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18
Q

Cation?

A

Positively charge, lost an electron

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19
Q

Anions?

A

Positively charge, gained an electron

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20
Q

Ionic bond?

A

A strong mutual attraction formed between ions of opposite charge

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21
Q

Covalent bond?

A

Two atoms sharing a pair of electrons

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22
Q

Nonpolar covalent?

A

When atoms in a covalent bond share electrons equally

having an even distribution of charge

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23
Q

Polar covalent?

A

When atoms in a covalent bond bond share electrons unequally

Having and uneven distribution of charge

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24
Q

Polarity?

A

Any separation of charge into distinct positive and negative regions

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25
Hydrogen bond?
Relatively weak bonds created by attraction of slightly (+) and slightly (-) regions of covalently bonded molecules
26
Reactant?
Starting materials changed by the chemical reaction
27
Product?
Atoms, ions, or molecules formed at the reaction's conclusion
28
Synthesis reaction?
When two or more atoms, ions, or molecules bond to form a more complex structure
29
Decomposition reaction?
Bonds of reactant break to form simpler molecules
30
Exchange reaction?
Parts of two different types of molecules trade positions as bonds are broken and new bonds form
31
Reversible reaction?
Products that can change back to reactants (double arrow)
32
Catalyst?
Influences rate of reaction but are not consumed
33
Acid?
Electrolytes that dissociate to release hydrogen ions in water (e.g. HCL)
34
Base?
Release ions that combine with hydrogen ions (e.g. NaOH) (They give hydroxyl OH-)
35
Salt?
The result of bases and acids interaction causing neutralization to occur (Cation of a base + anions of an acid)
36
pH?
A measure of the number of hydrogen ions (H+) in a solution The more hydrogen ions the lower the pH
37
Alkalemia?
Blood pH of 7.5-7.8 which then causes alkalosis
38
Alkalosis?
Caused by alkalemia Brought on by rapid breathing at high altitudes, vomiting excessively (loss of stomach acid), taking too many antacids, high fever, and anxiety Symptoms included feeling agitated and dizzy
39
Acidemia?
Blood pH of 7.0-7.3 and causes acidosis
40
Acidosis?
Caused by acidemia Brought on by diarrhea and severe vomiting (losing alkaline contents from the small intestine) Symptoms include feeling disoriented and fatigued
41
Buffer?
Chemicals that resist pH change Combine with hydrogen ions when in excess or donate hydrogen ions when depleted
42
Organic Compound?
Have carbon atoms covalently bonded to hydrogen
43
Carboydrates?
-CHO in a 1:2:1 ratio -Provide energy
44
Monosaccharide?
3-7 carbon atoms in a straight chain or ring
45
Examples of carbohydrates?
Glucose, deoxyribose, and fructose
46
What is a polysaccharide?
Complex carbohydrates built from simple carbohydrates
47
Example of polysaccharides?
Cellulose and glycogen
48
Starch?
Highly branched chains of glucose molecules connected differently than cellulose
49
Glycogen?
Animal starch
50
Lipid
Greasy/oily nonpolar organic molecule often with 1+ fatty acid tail
51
Triglyceride?
Most abundant lipid, used for energy, consists of Glycerol+3 fatty acids
52
Saturated fat?
Solid at room temperature such as butter or lard. (single bonds only)
53
Unsaturated fat?
Liquid at room temperature. (1+ double bonds in carbon chain)
54
Phospholipid?
Glycerol + 2 fatty acids + phosphate group (hydrophilic head and hydrophobic tail)
55
Steriod?
Connected carbon rings
56
Examples of steriods?
Cholesterol, estrogen, progesterone, and testosterone
57
Protein?
Comprised of molecular building block amino acids
58
3 main functions of protein?
Structural material, energy, and chemical messengers
59
Primary structure?
Sequence of amino acids in a protein
60
Secondary structure?
Helical or folded plates formed by hydrogen bonds
61
Tertiary structure?
Three dimensional structure formed by folding of the polypeptide chain
62
Quaternary structure?
Assembly of two or more polypeptide chains
63
Nucleic acids?
Large molecules composed of repeating chains of nucleotides
64
Examples of nucleic acids?
DNA and RNA
65
Nucleotide?
5-carbon sugar + phosphate + nitrogen containing organic base (Building block for nucleic acids)
66
DNA?
Genetic material (store information for protein synthesis) Deoxyribonucleic acid
67
RNA?
Function in protein synthesis (uses stored information in DNA) Ribonucleic acid

Z A&P Chapters 1-3 Study Guide (3 decks)

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