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Pharmacology - Exam #1 > Chapter 2 Vocab > Flashcards

Chapter 2 Vocab Flashcards

1
Q

Additive Effects

A

Drug interactions in which the effect of a combination of two or more drugs with similar actions is equivalent to the sum of the individual effects of the same drugs given alone

1+1 = 2

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2
Q

Adverse Drug Event

A

Any undesirable occurrence related to administering or failing to administer a prescribed medication

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3
Q

Adverse Drug Reaction

A

Any unexpected, unintended, undesired, or excessive response to a medication given at therapeutic dosages

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4
Q

Adverse Effects

A

A general term for any undesirable effects that are a direct response to one or more drugs

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5
Q

Agonist

A

A drug that binds to and stimulates the activity of one or more receptors in the body

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6
Q

Allergic Reaction

A

An immunologic hypersensitivity of a patient to a particular medication

A type of adverse drug event

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7
Q

Antagonist

A

A drug that binds to an inhibits the activity of one or more receptors in the body.

Also called inhibitors

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8
Q

Antagonistic Effects

A

Drug interactions in which the effect of a combination of two or more drugs is less than the sum of the individual effects of the same drugs given alone

1+1 = less than 2

Usually caused by an antagonizing (blocking or reducing) effect of one drug on another

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9
Q

Bioavailability

A

A measure of the extent of drug absorption for a given drug and route (from 0%-100%)

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10
Q

Biotransformation

A

One or more biochemical reaction involving a parent drug

Occurs mainly in the liver and produces a metabolite that is either inactive or active

Also known as metabolism

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11
Q

Blood-Brain Barrier

A

The barrier system that restricts the passage of various chemicals and microscopic entities (e.g., bacteria, viruses) between the bloodstream and the central nervous system

It still allows the passage of essential substances like oxygen

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12
Q

Chemical Name

A

The name that describes the chemical composition and molecular structure of a drug

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13
Q

Contraindication

A

Any condition, especially one related to a disease state or patient characteristic, including current or recent drug therapy, which renders a particular form of treatment improper or undesirable

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14
Q

Cytochrome P-450

A

The general name for a large class of enzymes that plays a significant role in drug metabolism and drug interactions

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15
Q

Dissolution

A

The process by which solid forms of drugs disintegrate in the gastrointestinal tract and become soluble before being absorbed into the circulation

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16
Q

Dependence

A

A state in which there is a compulsive or chronic need

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17
Q

Drug

A

Any chemical that affects the physiological process of a living organism

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18
Q

Drug Actions

A

The process involved in the interaction between a drug and body cells

Also called mechanism of action

Ex: the action of a drug on a receptor protein

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19
Q

Drug Classification

A

A method of grouping drugs

May be based on structure or therapeutic use

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20
Q

Drug Effects

A

The physiological reactions of the body to a drug. They can be therapeutic or toxic and describe how the body is affected as a whole by the drug.

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21
Q

Drug-Induced Teratogenesis

A

The development of congenital anomalies or defects in the developing fetus caused by the toxic effect of drugs

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22
Q

Drug Interaction

A

Alteration in the pharmacologic or pharmacokinetic activity of a given drug caused by the presence of one or more additional drugs

It is usually related to effects on the enzymes required for metabolism of the involved drugs

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23
Q

Duration of Action

A

The length of time the concentration of a drug in the blood or tissues is sufficient to elicit a response

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24
Q

Enzymes

A

Protein molecules that catalyze one or more of a variety of biochemical reactions, including those related to the body’s physiological processes, as well as those related to drug metabolism

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25
Q

First-Pass Effect

A

The initial metabolism in the liver of a drug absorbed from the gastrointestinal tract before the drug reaches systemic circulation through the bloodstream

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26
Q

Generic Name

A

The name given to a drug by the United States Adopted Names Council

Also called the nonproprietary name

This is the much shorter and simpler name than the chemical name and is not protected by the trademark

27
Q

Glucose-6-Phosphate Dehydrogenase (G6PD) Deficiency

A

A hereditary condition in which red blood cells break down when the body is exposed to certain drugs

28
Q

Half-Life

A

In pharmacokinetics, the time required for half of an administered dose of drug to be eliminated by the body, or the time it takes for the blood level of a drug to be reduced by 50%

Also called the elimination half life

29
Q

Idiosyncratic Reaction

A

An abnormal and unexpected response to a medication, other than an allergic reaction, that is peculiar to an individual patient

30
Q

Incompatibility

A

The characteristic that causes two parenteral drugs or solutions to undergo a reaction when mixed or given together that results in the chemical deterioration of at least one of the drugs

31
Q

Intraarterial

A

Injection within an artery

32
Q

Intraarticular

A

Injection within a joint

33
Q

Intrathecal

A

Injection within a sheath

Ex: the theca of the spinal cord, as in an intrathecal injection into the subarachnoid space

34
Q

Medication Error

A

Any preventable adverse drug event involving inappropriate medication use by a patient or health care professional; it may or may not cause a patient harm

35
Q

Medication Use Process

A

The prescribing, dispensing, and administering of medications, and the monitoring of their effects

36
Q

Metabolite

A

A chemical form of a drug that is the product of one or more biochemical (metabolic) reactions involving the parent drug

Active metabolites are those that have pharmacological activity of their own, even if the parent drug is inactive.

Inactive metabolites lack pharmacological activity and are simply drug waste products awaiting excretion from the body (ex: via the urinary, gastrointestinal, or respiratory tract)

37
Q

Onset of Action

A

The time required for a drug to licit a therapeutic response after dosing

38
Q

P-Glycoprotein

A

A transporter protein that moves drugs out of cells and into the gut, urine, or bile

39
Q

Parent Drug

A

The chemical form of a drug that is administered before it is metabolized by the body into the active or inactive metabolites

**A parent drug that is not pharmacologically active itself is called a pharmacologically active metabolites

40
Q

Peak Effect

A

The time required for a drug to reach its maximum therapeutic response in the body

41
Q

Peak Level

A

The maximum concentration of a drug in the body after administration, usually measured in a blood sample for therapeutic drug monitoring

42
Q

Pharmaceutics

A

The science of preparing and dispensing drugs, including dosage form design

43
Q

Pharmacodynamics

A

The study of the biochemical and physiological interactions of drugs at their sites of activity

It examines the effect of the drug on the body

44
Q

Pharmacoeconomics

A

The study of economic factors impacting the cost of drug therapy

45
Q

Pharmacogenomics

A

The study of influence of genetic factors on drug response that result in the absence, overabundance, or insufficiency of drug-metabolizing enzymes

46
Q

Pharmacognosy

A

The study of drugs that are obtained from natural plant and animal sources

47
Q

Pharmacokinetics

A

The study of what happens to a drug from the time it is put into the body until the parent drug and all metabolites have left the body.

It also represents the drug absorption into, distribution and metabolism within, and excretion from the body

48
Q

Pharmacology

A

The broadest term for the study or science of drugs

49
Q

Pharmacotherapeutics

A

The study of the therapeutic uses and effects of drugs

The treatment of pathologic conditions through the use of drugs

50
Q

Prodrug

A

An inactive drug dosage form that is converted to an active metabolite by various biochemical reactions once it is inside the body

51
Q

Prototypical Drug

A

The first form of a drug, or first in a class of drugs

These are denoted as a “key drug”

52
Q

Receptor

A

A molecular structure within or on the outer surface of a cell. They bind specific substances (drug molecules) and one or more corresponding cellular effects (drug actions) occur as a results of this drug-receptor interaction

53
Q

Steady State

A

The physiologic state in which the amount of drug removed via elimination is equal to the amount of drug absorbed with each dose

54
Q

Substrates

A

Substances (e.g., drugs or natural biochemicals in the body) on which an enzyme acts

55
Q

Synergistic Effects

A

Drug interactions in which the effects of a combination of two or more drugs with similar actions is greater than the sum of the individual effects of the same drugs given alone.

For example, 1+1 is greater than 2

56
Q

Therapeutic Drug Monitoring

A

The process of measuring drug levels to identify a patient’s drug exposure and to allow adjustment of dosages with the goals of maximizing therapeutic effects and minimizing toxicity

57
Q

Therapeutic Effect

A

The desired or intended effect of a particular medication

58
Q

Therapeutic Index

A

The ratio between the toxic and therapeutic concentration of a drug

59
Q

Tolerance

A

Reduced response to a drug after prolonged use

60
Q

Toxic

A

The quality of being poisonous

Ex: injurious to health or dangerous to life

61
Q

Toxicity

A

The condition of producing adverse bodily effects due to poisonous qualities

62
Q

Toxicology

A

The study of poisons, including toxic drug effects, and applicable treatments

63
Q

Trade Name

A

The commercial name given to a drug product by its manufacturer; also called the proprietary name

64
Q

Trough Level

A

The lowest concentration of drug reached in the body after it falls from its peak level, usually measured in a blood sample for therapeutic drug monitoring

Pharmacology - Exam #1 (4 decks)

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