Chapter 2 Vocab Flashcards
Federalism
sharing of power between a central government and equally sovereign regional (state) governments.
Unitary Government
governments with a single governing authority in a central capital with uniform law throughout the land
Full Faith and Credit Clause
states must regard and honor the laws in other states
Privileges and Immunities Clause
prevents a state from treating citizens of other states in a discriminatory manner.
Extradition
obligates states to deliver captured fugitive criminals back to the state where they committed the original crime
Police Power
state powers to create and enforce laws on health, safety, and morals
Tenth Amendment
The powers not delegated to the United States by the Constitution, nor prohibited by it to the States, are reserved to the States respectively, or to the people.
Delegated/Expressed Powers
powers directly given to the federal government by the Constitution
Reserved Powers
powers not specifically listed in the Constitution, therefore are given to the states
Concurrent Powers
governing powers that are held by both the state and the federal governments, such as taxing, law enforcement, and courts
Obergefell v. Hodges
Supreme Court case in which the court ruled in favor to the right to same-sex marriage guaranteed by the due process clause and the equal protection clause in the 14th Amendment
Loose Constructionist
broad interpretation of the Constitution
Strict Constructionist
narrow interpretation of the Constitution
Compact/Contract Theory
The idea that the Constitution represents an agreement among sovereign states to form a common government.
Whiskey Rebellion
Rebellion of farmers protesting tax on whiskey. Effects of the war: Washington put rebellion down quickly proving the strength of the federal government, while strengthening opposition to the federal government by the Jefferson’s Democratic Republicans
Nullification
right to declare null and void any federal law if a state thought the law violated the Constitution
McCulloch v. Maryland
Supreme Court ruling (1819) confirming the supremacy of national over state government
Dual Federalism
A system of government in which both the states and the national government remain supreme within their own spheres, each responsible for some policies.
Selective Exclusiveness
a doctrine asserting that only Congress may regulate when the commodity (asset/product) requires a national uniform rule
Revenue Sharing
federal government sharing tax money (revenue) with state and local money. Part of
Cooperative Federalism
A system of government in which powers and policy assignments are shared between states and the national government. They may also share costs, administration, and even blame for programs that work poorly.
Fiscal Federalism
Federal government using money (grants) to influence & control states.
Grants
money given by the national government to the states
Categorical Grants
Federal grants for specific purposes, such as building an airport
Strings Attached
traditional control that tells the state government what it must do if it wants to receive federal grant money
Block Grants
Money from the national government that states can spend within broad guidelines
Grants-in-Aid
federal funds to states that qualify for financial assistance
Marble Cake Federalism
type of federalism in which all levels of government are involved in a variety of issues and programs. State and federal government both have authority over an issue.
Conditions of Aid
Federal rules attached to the grants that states receive. States must agree to abide by these rules in order to receive the grants.
New Federalism
system in which the national government restores greater authority back to the states
Mandates
terms set by the national government that states must meet whether or not they accept federal grants
Devolution
the transfer of powers and responsibilities from the federal government to the states
United States v. Lopez (1995)
Congress may not use the commerce clause to make possession of a gun in a school zone a federal crime
Clean Air Act
Federal law that set emission standards for cars, and limits for release of air pollutants
Americans with Disabilities Act (ADA)
Legislation passed in 1990 that prohibits discrimination against people with disabilities. Under this Act, discrimination against a disabled person is illegal in employment, transportation, public accommodations, communications and government activities.
No Child Left Behind
educational law that set high standards and measurable goals for education.
