Chapter 2-Transciption of English

Question 1

How many letters and speech sounds are there in English?

Answer 1

26 letters

44 speech sounds-20 vowels; 24 constant

Question 2

Why is spelling in English hard?

Answer 2

due to; silent letters, the word reflects the spelling of a foreign lang.

Question 3

define grapheme

Answer 3

the printed alphabet or letter used to represent an allograph

Question 4

define allograph

Answer 4

differ letter sequences/ patterns that represent the same sound

Question 5

define morpheme

Answer 5

the smallest unit of lang. and carries meaning

ex- endings like ed, ing: prefixes- pre, re,; suffixes- tion, ive

Question 6

define free morpheme

Answer 6

can stand alone & carries meaning

ex- book, music, press

Question 7

define bound morpheme

Answer 7

bounded to other words & carry no meaning when they stand alone
ex- PREdate, Retread, bookS, musicIAN,

Question 8

define phonemes

Answer 8

smallest unit of speech sound

Question 9

define minimal pairs

Answer 9

words that vary by only ONE PHONEME - same word position
ex- look/book; cat/cab; hear/ beer, brine/bright- differs by only speech sound even through the spelling shows more than one letter change

Question 10

consonant - pulmonic

Answer 10

consonants that are produced w/ an airstream from the lungs

Question 11

non-pulmonic consonant

Answer 11

consonants w/o the need for airflow from the lungs

Question 12

What is a diacritics?

Answer 12

specialized symbols used w/ IPA consonant & vowel symbol; alternate way to produce certain sound

Question 13

What is a suprasegmental?

Answer 13

indicates the stress, intonation pattern, tempo of any particular utterance in lang

Question 14

define free variation

Answer 14

allophonic production not tied to a particular phonetic environm.
ex- hiT vs Hit

Question 15

define complementary distribution

Answer 15

allophone production that is tied to a particular phonetic environm.
ex- production of p and k

Question 16

define syllable

Answer 16

a basic building block of lang. ; composed of either on vowel or consonant- vowel

Question 17

define onset

Answer 17

a syllable that consist of all the consonants that precede a vowel

Question 18

define rhyme

Answer 18

syllable that has a nucleus- usually a vowel+ an optional coda

Question 19

define nucleus

Answer 19

a syllable w/ the greatest acoustic energy - usually a vowel but not always

Question 20

define syllable consonant

Answer 20

consonant that serves as the nucleus od a syllable

ex- l,m,n

Question 21

define coda

Answer 21

consonants that follow a vowel in any syllables;

ex- spliT, trieD, faST

Question 22

opened vs closed syllables

Answer 22

open- end w/ a vowel phonmene/ no coda

closed- end w/ a coda or consonant phoneme

Question 23

define conical syllable

Answer 23

how many consonants occur both before and after the vowel/ nucleus; VC, VCC, CCCVCCC

Question 24

define stress

Answer 24

production of a syllable w/ increase force/ muscular energy causing it to be perceived as louder, longer, higher in pitch
AKA; lexical stress

Question 25

define bisyllable

Answer 25

two syllabi

ex- SIS-ter

Question 26

define multisyllable

Answer 26

more than 2 syllables

ex- cour-A- gous

Question 27

define world class

Answer 27

either a noun, verb, adjective

Question 28

What is broad transcript?

Answer 28

no attempt to record allophone variation

uses slash marks/ virgules

Question 29

What is narrow transcript?

Answer 29

record allophone variation of speech
uses brackets
used for impressionistic transcript, unknown speech sound system, or w. client with severe speech sound disorder

Question 30

What is systematic transcript?

Answer 30

used when transcriber is familar w/ sound system of a lang

can be either narrow or broad

Question 31

What is impression transcript?

Answer 31

allophonic transcript of an unknown lang/ unknow speaker

form of narrow transcript