Chapter 2-Transciption of English Flashcards
How many letters and speech sounds are there in English?
26 letters
44 speech sounds-20 vowels; 24 constant
Why is spelling in English hard?
due to; silent letters, the word reflects the spelling of a foreign lang.
define grapheme
the printed alphabet or letter used to represent an allograph
define allograph
differ letter sequences/ patterns that represent the same sound
define morpheme
the smallest unit of lang. and carries meaning
ex- endings like ed, ing: prefixes- pre, re,; suffixes- tion, ive
define free morpheme
can stand alone & carries meaning
ex- book, music, press
define bound morpheme
bounded to other words & carry no meaning when they stand alone
ex- PREdate, Retread, bookS, musicIAN,
define phonemes
smallest unit of speech sound
define minimal pairs
words that vary by only ONE PHONEME - same word position
ex- look/book; cat/cab; hear/ beer, brine/bright- differs by only speech sound even through the spelling shows more than one letter change
consonant - pulmonic
consonants that are produced w/ an airstream from the lungs
non-pulmonic consonant
consonants w/o the need for airflow from the lungs
What is a diacritics?
specialized symbols used w/ IPA consonant & vowel symbol; alternate way to produce certain sound
What is a suprasegmental?
indicates the stress, intonation pattern, tempo of any particular utterance in lang
define free variation
allophonic production not tied to a particular phonetic environm.
ex- hiT vs Hit
define complementary distribution
allophone production that is tied to a particular phonetic environm.
ex- production of p and k
define syllable
a basic building block of lang. ; composed of either on vowel or consonant- vowel
define onset
a syllable that consist of all the consonants that precede a vowel
define rhyme
syllable that has a nucleus- usually a vowel+ an optional coda
define nucleus
a syllable w/ the greatest acoustic energy - usually a vowel but not always
define syllable consonant
consonant that serves as the nucleus od a syllable
ex- l,m,n
define coda
consonants that follow a vowel in any syllables;
ex- spliT, trieD, faST
opened vs closed syllables
open- end w/ a vowel phonmene/ no coda
closed- end w/ a coda or consonant phoneme
define conical syllable
how many consonants occur both before and after the vowel/ nucleus; VC, VCC, CCCVCCC
define stress
production of a syllable w/ increase force/ muscular energy causing it to be perceived as louder, longer, higher in pitch
AKA; lexical stress
