CHAPTER 2 Theory and Research: Summary and Key Terms

Question 1

A _______ used to organize and explain data and generate ________ that can be tested by research

Answer 1

theory ; hypotheses

Question 2

Developmental theories differ on two basic issues:

Answer 2

the active/reactive character of development and the existence of continuity/discontinuity in development

Question 3

Two contrasting models of human development

Answer 3

mechanistic model and the organismic model

Question 4

The psychoanalytic perspective sees development as motivated by?

Answer 4

unconscious emotional drives or conflicts

(Leading examples are Freud’s and Erikson’s theories: psychoanalytic perspective, psychosexual &
psychosocial development)

Question 5

The learning perspective views development as a result of?

Answer 5

learning based on experience

Question 6

The cognitive perspective is concerned with?

Answer 6

thought processes

Question 7

The contextual perspective focuses on the individual in a?

Answer 7

social context

Question 8

The evolutionary/sociobiological perspective, represented by E. O. Wilson and influenced by Darwin’s theory of evolution, focuses on the?

Answer 8

adaptiveness, or survival value, of behavior

Question 9

Research can be?

Answer 9

quantitative or qualitative, or both

Question 10

To arrive at sound conclusions, quantitative researchers use the?

Answer 10

scientific method

Question 11

Random selection of a research sample can ensure?

Answer 11

generalizability

Question 12

Three forms of data collection

Answer 12

self-reports, observation, and behavioral & performance measures

Question 13

a plan for conducting research

Answer 13

design

Question 14

Two qualitative designs used in developmental research

Answer 14

case study and the ethnographic study

Question 15

can indicate whether certain aspects of development are

universal or culturally influenced

Answer 15

Cross-cultural research

Question 16

Two quantitative designs

Answer 16

correlational study and the

experiment

Question 17

Only ________ can firmly establish causal relationships

Answer 17

experiments

Question 18

Experiments must be rigorously controlled to be _____ and ______.

Answer 18

valid and replicable

Question 19

Random assignment of participants can ensure?

Answer 19

validity

Question 20

Laboratory experiments are easiest to _____ and _____, but findings of field experiments may be more ____________.

Answer 20

control and replicate ; generalizable

Laboratory experiments are easiest to control and replicate, but findings of field experiments may be more generalizable.

Question 21

Natural experiments may be useful in situations in which true experiments would be ______________.

Answer 21

impractical or unethical

Question 22

The two most common designs used to study age-related development

Answer 22

cross-sectional and longitudinal

Question 23

The design that assess age differences.

Answer 23

Cross-sectional studies

Question 24

The design that describe continuity or change in the same participants.

Answer 24

longitudinal studies

Question 25

The ________ study is intended to overcome the

weaknesses of the other two designs.

Answer 25

sequential

Question 26

Researchers seek to resolve ethical issues on the basis of principles of?

Answer 26

beneficence, respect, and justice

Question 27

Ethical issues in research include the rights of participants to?

Answer 27

informed consent, avoidance of deception, protection from harm and loss of dignity and self-esteem, and guarantees of privacy and confidentiality.

Question 28

Standards for protection of children used in research cover such principles as?

Answer 28

parental informed consent and protection from harm or jeopardy to the child’s well-being