CHAPTER 1 The Study of Human Development: Summary and Key Terms

Question 1

the scientific study of processes of change and stability

Answer 1

Human development

Question 2

it has important applications in various fields

Answer 2

Developmental research

Question 3

As researchers have become interested in following development through adulthood, ___________________ has become a field of study.

Answer 3

life-span development

Question 4

The study of human development seeks to _______, _______, _______, and, when appropriate, _______ in development.

Answer 4

describe, explain, predict, intervene

The study of human development seeks to describe, explain, predict, and, when appropriate, intervene in development.

Question 5

Students of human development draw on such disciplines as?

Answer 5

psychology, psychiatry, sociology, anthropology, biology, genetics, family science, education, history, philosophy, and medicine

Question 6

Methods of studying human development are still _______, making use of _________________

Answer 6

evolving ; advanced technologies

Question 7

Developmental scientists study _______ and _______ in all domains of development throughout the life span.

Answer 7

change and stability

Question 8

The three major domains of development are? Each affects the others.

Answer 8

physical, cognitive, and psychosocial

Question 9

The concept of periods of development is a?

Answer 9

social construction

Question 10

the eight periods that divide the life span

Answer 10

prenatal, infancy and toddlerhood, early childhood, middle childhood, adolescence, emerging and young adulthood, middle adulthood, and late adulthood

Question 11

In each period, people have characteristic developmental ______ and ______.

Answer 11

needs and tasks

Question 12

Influences on development come from both?

Answer 12

heredity and environment

Question 13

Many typical changes during childhood are related to _______.

Answer 13

maturation

Question 14

In some societies, the nuclear family __________; in others, the extended family.

Answer 14

predominates

Question 15

It affects developmental processes and outcomes through the quality of home and neighborhood environments, nutrition, medical care, and
schooling.

Answer 15

Socioeconomic status (SES)

Question 16

Important environmental influences stem from?

Answer 16

culture, race/ethnicity, and historical context

Question 17

____ is viewed by most scholars as a social construction.

Answer 17

Race

Question 18

Influences may be ________ (age-graded or history-graded) or __________.

Answer 18

normative ; nonnormative

Question 19

There is evidence of ______________ for certain kinds of early development.

Answer 19

critical or sensitive periods

Question 20

________ _________ tend to increase with age.

Answer 20

Individual differences

Question 21

Multiple _____ _______ increase the likelihood of poor outcomes.

Answer 21

risk factors

Question 22

The principles of the life-span developmental approach include the propositions that?

Answer 22

1. development is lifelong
2. development is multidimensional
   3 development is multidirectional
3. the relative influences of biology and
   culture shift over the life span
4. development involves changing resource allocations
5. development shows plasticity
6. development is influenced by the historical and cultural context