Chapter 2: The Nature of Life Flashcards
A living matter that shows certain attributes like responsiveness, growth, metabolism, energy, transformation, and reproduction.
Life (Sagan, Margulis, & Sagan, 2023)
Two Views of Philosophies on
the Origin of Life
- Vitalistic View
- Mechanistic View
explains life originated from a mysterious force.
Vitalistic View
explains life originated from the many physical and chemical reactions that occurred in the early times.
Mechanistic View
Theories on the Origin of Life
- Theory of Divine Creation
- Interplanetary Theory
- Cosmozoa Theory
- Theory of Spontaneous Generation or Abiogenesis Theory
- Biotic or Biogenesis Theory
states that life was created by God.
Theory of Divine Creation
states that life came from other planets.
Interplanetary Theory
states that life came from outer space.
Cosmozoa Theory
states that life could be produced from non-living matter like maggots from decaying meats.
Theory of Spontaneous Generation or Abiogenesis Theory
states that life came from pre-existing life.
Biotic or Biogenesis Theory
The Chemical and Biological Bases of Life:
• Simple Molecules
• Simple Organic Compounds
• Complex Organic Compounds
• Nucleoprotein Evolution
• Proto-viruses, early cells
• Development of photosynthesis, aerobic and anaerobic respiration
• Oxygen revolution
is anything that has life, consisting of cells as its basic unit of organization
Living Organism (Williams, Friedl, & Cena, 2021)
Functional Characteristics of Living Organisms:
- Metabolism
- Self-perpetuation
Simple molecules:
Water, carbon dioxide, methane, ammonia, hydrogen
Simple organic compounds:
Monosaccharides, glycerin, fatty acids, amino acids, pyrimidines, purines
Complex organic compounds:
Polysaccharides, fats and lipids, nucleotide, nucleic acid
Nucleoprotein evolution:
Reproduction, mutation, evolution, nutrition, aggregation
Proto-viruses, early cells:
Synthesis, growth, development, internal control
the sum of biochemical reactions within the living organisms.
Metabolism
under self-perpetuation are:
a. steady state control
b. reproduction
c. adaptation
It permits the organism to receive information within itself and the external environment through stimuli and to act on this information in self-preserving manner in the form of responses.
Steady state control
ability to replicate oneself, producing one’s own kind.
Reproduction
ability to adapt to the conditions of the environment.
Adaptation
Attributes of life:
- Growth
- Reproduction
- Irritability or responsiveness to stimuli
- Metabolism or power of assimilation
- Movement
- Complexity of organization
- Adaptation to the environment
described as an “increase in volume” which results from the production of new protoplasm with some variations in form being inherited and others resulting from the responses to environment.
Growth
Forms of growth:
- Intussusception
- Accretion
Forms of growth:
- Intussusception
- Accretion
resulting from growth of protoplasm.
Intussusception
resulting from growth of protoplasm.
Intussusception
what is protoplasm?
Growth of organic compounds inside a cell
what is protoplasm?
Growth of organic compounds inside a cell
resulting from growth of external materials accumulated outside resulting to increase in volume.
Accretion
ability to replicate oneself, producing one’s own kind.
Reproduction
ability to respond to certain conditions and various stimuli in their environment.
Irritability or responsiveness to stimuli
Irritability includes:
a. Phototropism
b. Thigmotropism
c. Geotropism/Gravitropism
d. Chemotropism
e. Hydrotropism
f. Heliotropism
Irritability includes:
a. Phototropism
b. Thigmotropism
c. Geotropism/Gravitropism
d. Chemotropism
e. Hydrotropism
f. Heliotropism
response to light
Phototropism
response to touch
Thigmotropism
response to gravity
Geotropism/Gravitropism
response to chemicals
Chemotropism
response to water
Hydrotropism
response to the sun
Heliotropism
Metabolism or Power of Assimilation occurs for the:
a. Reproduction of new protoplasm
b. Repair of damaged parts
c. The normal maintenance.
types of metabolism:
- Anabolism
- Catabolism
building up process, like nutrition and synthesis.
Anabolism
breaking down process, like digestion, cellular respiration.
Catabolism
Important biochemical reactions or metabolic activities:
a. Cellular respiration
b. Photosynthesis
c. Digestion
d. Assimilation
energy-releasing process in all organisms.
Cellular respiration
energy-harnessing process in green plants.
Photosynthesis
conversion of larger molecules to smaller ones.
Digestion
conversion of raw materials into protoplasm and other substances.
Assimilation
conversion of raw materials into protoplasm and other substances.
Assimilation
the ability to move, either stationary or through locomotion.
Movement
the complexity of the organization of cells and tissues found in living organisms.
Complexity of organization
ability to adapt to the conditions of the environment by:
a. Natural selection
b. Exhibiting homeostatic response to conditions of environment.
c. Changing through mutation
Adaptation to the environment
