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Biology 107 > Chapter 2 The molecules of Cells > Flashcards

Chapter 2 The molecules of Cells Flashcards

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1
Q

What is essential to the normal functioning of cells and part of a cells outer membrane, and serves as a precursor to hormones such as testosterone and estrogen (sex hormones)?

A

Cholesterol

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2
Q

Cholesterol on its way from the tissues to the liver for recycling is called?

A

HDL- high density lipoproteins

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3
Q

“Good” cholesterol

A

HDL- high density lipoproteins- reduces the likelihood of the formation of plaque in the arteries

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4
Q

Cholesterol on its way to the tissues is called?

A

LDL- low density lipoproteins

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5
Q

“Bad” cholesterol

A

LDL- low density lipoproteins-contributes to the development of plaque which can result in heart disease

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6
Q

Anything that takes up space and has mass refers to?

A

Matter

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7
Q

Four distinct states of matter?

A

Solid
Liquid
gas
plasma

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8
Q

All matter, non living and living is composed of?

A

elements

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9
Q

Elements

A

substances that cannot be broken down into substances with different properties; composed of only one type of atom

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10
Q

Each element has its own unique properties such as

A

density, solubility, melting point and chemical reactivity

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11
Q

__ naturally occurring elements serve as the building blocks of all __.

A

92; matter

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12
Q

Which six elements are essential to cells and are basic to life and make up about 95% of the body weight of organisms?

A 
Carbon
Hydrogen
Nitrogen
Oxygen
Phosphorus 
Sulfur
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13
Q

What other elements are important to all organisms?

A 
Sodium
Potassium
Calcium
Iron
Magnesium
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14
Q

Earth crust primarily contains the elements?

A

Silicon
Aluminum
Oxygen

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15
Q

Elements consist of tint particles called

A

atoms

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16
Q

John Dalton in 1800s said that elements consist of tiny particles called __ which was the __ theory?

A

atoms; atomic theory

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17
Q

An __ and its atom share the same name.

A

element

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18
Q

Elements are identified by an __ that is composed of one or two letters.

A

atomic symbol

Ex: H means hydrogen atom

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19
Q

Three subatomic particles that make up atoms are called?

A

Protons: + charged
Neutrons: x uncharged
Electrons: - negatively charged

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20
Q

Protons and Neutrons are located within the ___ of an atom and electrons move __ the nucleus.

A

nucleus; around

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21
Q

electron shell or orbital

A

the average location, or energy level, of an electron in an atom. often drawn as a circle around the nucleus.

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22
Q

atomic number

A 
number of protons in the nucleus. 
EX:
29- atomic number
    CU
copper
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23
Q

mass number

A

number of protons plus the number of neutrons within the nucleus.

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24
Q

Atomic mass unit

A

AMU protons and neutrons are assigned one atomic mass unit each. electrons are so small that their amu is considered zero.

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25
Q

Isotopes

A

“equal”; same atomic number but a different mass number due to a variation in the number of neutrons. Ex: carbon12, carbon13 carbon 14

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26
Q

atomic mass

A

refer to the average mass for all teh isotopes of the atom.

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27
Q 
atomic number
element
symbol
atomic mass
(carbon)
A

6
carbon
c
12.0112

28
Q

On the periodic table the vertical columns are

A

groups

29
Q

on the periodic table the horizontal rows are

A

periods

30
Q

group VIII of atoms are called the

A

noble gases

EX: helium and krypton

31
Q

Radioactive isotope

A

unstable; has a nucleus with excess neutrons that is often unstable and emits energy as it decays

32
Q

Carbon 14 changes over time into nitrogen 14. As carbon 14 decays it releases rays and subatomic particles. This is an example of a __ isotope.

A

radioactive.

33
Q

Instrument that is commonly used to detect radiation?

A

The Geiger

34
Q

Radioactive isotope in small samples are used as _ to detect molecular changes.

A

tracer or chemical tag

35
Q

__is a way to determine the comparative activity of tissues.

A

PET- positron emission tomography

36
Q

__is used to illustrate the structure of an atom.

A

Bohr model;

37
Q

Named after Niels Bohr, its useful in examining the number of __ in an atom.

A

electrons

38
Q

The first shell contains
up to __ electrons. The shell after is most stable with __ electrons. In all atoms, the _ shells are filled with electrons before the next higher level contains any electrons.

A

2;8; lower

39
Q

The __ shell helps determine the atoms chemical properties and how many other elements it can interact with.

A

Valence; outermost

40
Q

Bohr diagrams the energy level of the electrons called __are drawn as __ about the __.

A

electron orbital; circle; nucleus

41
Q

The __ of the periodic table tells you how many _ an atom has. The __ tells you how many electrons an atom has in its __ shell.

A

Periods or horizontal rows ; electron shells or electron orbitals;
groups; outer
EX sulfur is in the third period and contains 3 shells and in group VI meaning 6 electrons

42
Q

Valence shell

A

the outer electron shell of an atom which determine the chemical reactivity of the atom.

43
Q

octet rule

A

an atom is more stable when its outer shell is complete with 8 electrons. except hydrogen which only requires 2 to be complete

44
Q

The number of electrons in an atoms valence shell determins whether an atom __

A

gives up, accepts or shares electrons to get to 8 in the outer shell

45
Q

When two or more atoms bond together they form a?

A

molecule

46
Q

Molecule

A

union of two or more atoms of the same element. smallest part of a compound that retains the properties of the compound.
EX: O2

47
Q

When two or more different elements bond its called

A

compound Ex: H2O

48
Q

Compound

A

Substance having two or more different elements in a fixed ratio.

49
Q

Ions form when electrons are transferred from one atom to another. True or False.

A

True

50
Q

Ions

A

charged particle that carries a negative or positive charge.

51
Q

Ionic bond

A

chemical bond in which ions are attracted to one another by opposite charges

52
Q

covalent bond

A

chemical bond in which atoms share one pair of electrons. Results when two atoms share electrons that each atom has an octet of electrons in the outer shell.

53
Q

In a hydrogen atom the outer shell is complete when it contains two electrons. Hydrogen can share with another atom and thereby have a completed outer shell. Their two shells overlap and the electrons are shared between them. Each atom has a completed outer shell due to the sharing electrons. This is known as?

A

A covalent bond

54
Q

H-H is the ___explaining that atoms are sharing electrons

A

structural formula

55
Q

H2 in the __ is explaining that atoms are sharing electrons

A

molecular formula

56
Q

__ occurs when two atoms share two pairs of electrons and even triple covalent bonds like as in __ gas.

A

double covalent bond; nitrogen

57
Q

Molecules consisting of only two atoms are always

A

linear

58
Q

Molecules such as methane with five atoms have a __ shape.

A

tetrahedral: each bond is pointing to the corners of a tetrahedron

59
Q

The __ model of a molecules shape comes closest to the actual shape of the molecule.

A

space-filling

60
Q

“structure equals function” means

A

the shape of a molecule is important to the structural and functional roles it plays in an organism.

61
Q

Antibodies combine ith disease causing agents like a key fits a lock to protect us. This is an example of?

A

“structure equals function”

62
Q

When the sharing of electrons between two atoms is fairly equal the covalent bond is said to be a

A

nonpolar covalent bond

63
Q

Non polar covalent bond

A

Equal; bond in which the sharing of electrons between atoms is fairly equal.

64
Q

H2O, the sharing of electrons between oxygen and each hydrogen is not completely equal because one atom is able to attract electrons to a greater degree than the other atom. The atom that has a greater attraction for a shared pair of electrons has a greater ___.

A

Electronegativity.

65
Q

Electronegativity

A

the ability of an atom to attract electrons toward itself in a chemical bond

66
Q

polar covalent bond

A

bond in which the sharing of electrons between atoms in unequal

Biology 107 (3 decks)

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