Chapter 1-The study of life Flashcards
(136 cards)
1
Q
All life generally share the following characteristics:
A
organized, requires materials and energy, has the ability to reproduce and develop and responds to its environment, maintains an internal environment and has the capacity to adapt to its environment.
2
Q
Cellular organization, ordered complexity, sensitivity, evolution, reproduce grown and develop, homeostasis, energy use are all?
A
Characteristics of life
3
Q
Cells and organisms need energy to:
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carry out metabolism, maintain organization, conduct activities
4
Q
single celled organism; need energy for many activities including
A
cell movement and chemical reactions.
5
Q
complex multicellular organism; the energy used by individual cells can also power activities of
A
tissues, organs, and organ systems
6
Q
Life is organized in a
A
hierarchy of levels: life is connected from the atomic level to the biosphere
7
Q
Atoms
A
smallest particle of an element that displays the properties of the element
8
Q
Molecules
A
union of two or more atoms of the same element; the smallest part of a compound that retains the properties of the compound.
9
Q
Atoms join together to form
A
molecules
10
Q
cell
A
the smallest unit of life that displays all the properties of life; composed of cytoplasm surrounded by a plasma membrane
11
Q
A cell in a multicellular organisms is
A
the smallest structural and functional unit
12
Q
oxygen to methane to nerve cell :
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atom, molecule, cell
13
Q
tissue
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group of similar cells combined to preform a common function
14
Q
several tissues joined together for a
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organ
15
Q
organ
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combination of two or more different tissues performing a common function
16
Q
cells with a common structure and function combine to form
A
tissues
17
Q
several tissues functioning together for a specific task form an
A
organ
18
Q
nerve cell, nervous tissue, brain:
A
cell, tissue, organ
19
Q
organs that work together form?
A
organ system
20
Q
organ system
A
group of related organs working together; examples are the digestive system and the endocrine systems (hormone system)
21
Q
While describing the levels of biological organization, the term _ is used to describe an individual that is a collection of multiple organ systems.
A
organism
22
Q
organism
A
Level of biological organization that includes multiple organ systems; an individual of a species
23
Q
The cell is comprised of
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molecules and atoms
24
Q
The sum of all life on the planet is called the
A
biosphere
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Levels of biological organization:
atom, molecule, cell, tissue, organ, organ system, organism, species, population, community, biosphere
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Biosphere
regions of the earths crust, water, and atmosphere inhabited by living organisms
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Ecosystem
a community plus the physical environment
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Community
interacting populations in a particular area
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Population
organisms of the same species in a particular area
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Species
a group of similar, interbreeding organisms
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energy
capacity to do work and bring about change; occurs in a variety of forms.
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metabolism
all of the chemical reactions that occur in a cell
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In an ecosystem chemical ___and energy ___ begin when producers (plants) take in solar energy and inorganic nutrients to produce food( organic nutrients) by photosynthesis.
Cycling; flow
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Chemical __ occurs as chemicals move from one population to another in a food chain, until death and decomposition allow inorganic nutrients to be returned to the producers once again.
cycling
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__ flows from the sun through plants and the other members of the food chain as they feed on one another. ___ gradually dissipates and returns to the atmosphere as ___.
energy; energy; heat
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Because energy does not ___. ___ could not stay in existence without solar energy and the ability of photosynthetic organisms to absorb it.
cycle; ecosystems
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biotic components
living community (producers, consumers, and decomposers)
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reproduction
the process of producing a new individual of the same kind
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Bacteria, protists and other single celled organisms split in two which is known as
asexual reproduction
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Multicellular organisms undergo ___ where a cell divides, interact, and specialize as an organism grows.
development
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development
process of regulated growth and differentiation of cells and tissues.
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genes
unit of heredity existing as alleles on the chromosomes
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DNA
the genetic material of living organisms
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mutations
inheritable changes in the genetic information
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Stimuli
response to information
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behavior
observable, coordinated responses to environmental stimuli
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True or false? Behavior is largely directed toward minimizing injury, acquiring food and reproducing.
true
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Homeostasis
maintenance of normal internal conditions in a cell or an organism by means of self regulating mechanisms.
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As the environment changes some individuals of a species may posses cetain features that make them better suited to the new environment, known as
adaptation
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adaptation
species modification in structure, function or behavior that makes a species more suitable to its environment.
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As the environment changes some individuals of a species may posses certain features that make them better suited to the new environment, known as
adaptation
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Adaptiations that result in higher reproductive success tend to increase in frequency in a population from one generation to the next which is called
evolution
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evolution
genetic change in a species over time, resulting in the development of genetic and phenotypic differences that are the basis of natural selection' descent of organism from a common ancestor
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Adaptations that result in higher reproductive success tend to increase in frequency in a population from one generation to the next which is called
evolution
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taxonomy
branch of biology concerned with identifying, describing and naming organisms.
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systematics
the study of the diversity of life for the purpose of understanding the evolutionary relationships between species
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classification of organisms
```
also called taxa:
Domain
kingdom
phylum
class
order
family
genus
species
```
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most inclusive classification of organisms
domains
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least inclusive classification of organisms
species
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three domains based upon biochemical and genetic evidence
Domain Archaea
Domain Bacteria
Domain Eukarya
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Domain Archaea and Bacteria contain single celled ___
prokaryotes
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prokaryotes
organism that lacks a nucleus and the membrane bound organelles
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eukaryotic cell (eukaryote)
type of cell that has a membrane bound nucleus and membranous organelles; found in organisms within the domain Eukarya
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Domains bacteria, archaea and eukarya are organized on the comparisons of ribosomal __ and by __such as cell structure.
RNA; characteristics
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Bacteria and Archaea are __ with similar cell structure.
prokaryotes
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Eukaryotic __ a nucleus.
have
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Protista, Plantae, Fungi and Animalia are all
Eukaryotic organisms
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Eukaryotic cells contain
a nuclear membrane, endoplasmic reticulum and organelles such as mitochondria and chloroplasts.
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bacterial cell wall contain:
peptidoglycan
proteins
polysaccharides
lipids
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archaeal cell wall
no peptidoglycan
proteins
polysaccharides
lipids
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Bacterial cell wall contains:
peptidoglycan
proteins
polysaccharides
lipids
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Archaeal cell wall contains:
proteins
polysaccharides
lipids
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Kingdom Protista
* algae, protozoans, slime molds, and water molds
* complex single cell
* absorb, photosynthesize, or ingest food
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Kingdom Fungi
* molds, mushrooms, yeasts, and ringworms
* mostly multicellular filaments with specialized, complex cells
* absorb food
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Kingdom Plantae
* certain algae mosses, ferns, conifers, and flowering plants
* multicellular, usually with specialized tissues, containing complex cells
* photosynthesize food
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Kingdom Animalia
* sponges, worms, insects, fishes, frogs, turtles, birds and mammals
* multicellular with specialized tissues containing complex cells
* ingest food
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Protists
The group of eukaryotic organisms that are not a plant fungus or animal. Protists are generally a microscopic, complex single cell; they evolved before other types of eukaryotes in the history of earth.
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The development of the supergroup was based on improved techniques in analyzing the ___ of organisms.
DNA
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supergroup
systematic term used to classify the major groups of eukaryotes based on DNA similarities.
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__ supergroups for Eukarya. Which are?
5;
* Archaeplastida
* SAR
* Excavata
* Amoebozoa
* Opisthokonta
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Systematics helps biologists with the variety of life on earth because
organisms are classified according to their presumed evolutionary relationships.
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Organisms placed in the same genus are the most closely related and those in sperate domains are the least related. True or false?
True
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Taxonomists assign a __ or a tow part name to each species.
binomial
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The binomial name such as Homo sapiens is explained by?
The first word is the genus to which the species belongs and the second word is the specific epithet or species name.
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The first word in Homo sapiens is the? The second word is the?
genus; species name
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Correct way to write a binomial?
Capital genus lower case species name
| EX Homo sapiens or H. sapiens
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The scientific method steps
Observation, hypothesis, experiment, conclusion
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scientific method
a standard series of steps used in gaining new knowledge that is widely accepted among scientists.
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True or false?
scientists believe that nature is orderly and measurable that natural laws don't change with time and phenomenon can be understood more through observation
true
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observation
initial step in the scientific method that often involves the recording of data from an experiment or natural event
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Scientist use all their senses in making observations such as
visual, hearing, smell, other knowledge or experiences of other scientists and instruments
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After making an observation about a phenomenon a scientist uses __ to formulate a possible explanantion.
inductive reasoning
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Inductive reasoning
Using specific observations and the process of logic and reasoning to arrive at general scientific principles. Occurs whenever a person uses creative thinking to combine isolated facts into a cohesive whole.
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Discovered in 1928 by Alexander Flemming, antibiotic penicillin was discovered by examining a petri dish of bacteria that became contaminated with the mold Penicillium. Flemming observed an area that was free of bacteria. He reasoned that the mold might have been producing and antibacterial compound. This explanation for a natural event is a __?
hypothesis
95
hypothesis
supposition established by reasoning after consideration of available evidence; can be tested by obtaining more data often by experimentation.
96
Experiment
A test of a hypothesis that examines the influence of a single variable. Often involves both control and test groups.
97
To determine how to test a hypothesis, a scientist uses __?
deductive reasoning
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deductive reasoning
Use of general principles to predict specific outcomes. often uses "if ..then" statements.
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prediction
step of the scientific process that follows the formulation of a hypothesis and assists in creating the experimental design.
100
The manner in which a scientist intends to conduct an experiment is called
experimental design
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A good experimental design ensures that scientists are examining the contribution of a specific variable to the observation. What is the specific variable called?
experimental variable
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experimental variable
factor of the experiment being tested
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variable
is a changeable factor in an experiment.
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experimental variable or independent variable
is deliberately changed by scientist Ex: different types antibiotics
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test group
exposed to the experimental variable
| Ex: given the antibiotics
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control group
not exposed to the experimental variable
| Ex: placebo group not given antibiotics
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Dependent variable or responding variable
result or change that occurs due to the experimental variable
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scientists often use __ organisms and model systems to test a hypothesis.
model
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model
simulation of a process that aids conceptual understanding until the process can be studied firsthand; a hypothesis that describes how a particular process could possibly be carried out.
Ex: mouse
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data
facts or information collected through observation and or experimentation
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Data in the form of a graph shows the relationship between two quantities. The __ variable is plotted on the _ axis (horizontal) and the result is plotted along the _ axis (vertical).
x; y
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Most scientists publish research articles using __ to help them evaluate their experimental data.
statistical data
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In statistics ___ tells us how uncertain a particular value is.
standard error or standard deviation
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The standard error tells you how far off the average could be is also known as
standard deviation
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statistical significance is anything less than
p> 0.05 or 5%
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Before information is published in scientific journals it is typically reviewed by experts, who ensure that the research is credible, accurate, unbiased and well executed which is called
peer reviewed
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theory
concept, or a collection of concepts, widely supported by a broad range of observations experiments and data.
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The ultimate goal of science is to understand the natural world in terms of scientific __ which are concepts that join together well supported and related hypotheses.
theories
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All organisms are composed of cells and new cells only come from preexisting cells...is called?
Cell theory
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the internal environment of an organism stays relatively constant...is called?
Homeostasis theory
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A change in the frequency of traits that affect reproductive success in a population or species across generations...is called?
Evolution theory
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Principle
theory that is generally a ccepted by an overwhelming number of scientists also called a law
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The theory of evolution has been a scientific theory which has been supported by many observations and experiments for over years biologists refer to this as
the principle of evolution or law
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Universal principle that describes the basic functions of the natural world
law
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Technology
is the application of scientific knowledge to the interests of humans.
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Climate change
recent changes in the earths climate evidence suggests that this is primarily due to human influence including the increased release of greenhouse gases.
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climate change is primarily due to an imbalance in the chemical cycling of
the element carbon
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The rise in carbon to twice the amount that remains in the atmosphere is due to
the burning of fossil fuels and the destruction of forests to make way for farmland and pasture.
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The increased amount of carbon dioxide and other gases in the atmosphere is causing a rise in temperature called
global warming
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The gases that allow the suns rays to pass through but they absorb and radiate heat back to earth is a phenomenon called
the green house effect
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What is affecting ecosystems, reducing biodiversity and contributing to human diseases?
climate change
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Biodiversity
the total number and relative abundance of species, the variability of their genes and the different ecosystems in which they live.
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Extinction
is the death of a species or larger classification category.
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emerging diseases
Disease such as sars or mers that have not previously been detected in humans
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How is emerging diseases developed
some, from new or increased exposure to animals or insects populations that act as vectors for disease. Change in human behavior and technology can also result in new diseases.
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Reemerging diseases
is a disease known but generally has not been considered a health risk due to a relatively low level of incidence in human population.
