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Biology > Chapter 2 - The Circulatory System > Flashcards

Chapter 2 - The Circulatory System Flashcards

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0
Q

What is an open circulatory system?

A

When blood leaves blood vessels.

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1
Q

Unicellular animals, like the Amoeba, use what system of transport?

A

An open circulatory system

Diffusion is sufficient for transport of materials

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2
Q

What is a closed circulatory system?

A

Blood is confined to blood vessels

Used in multicellular animals.

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3
Q

Characteristics of a closed circulatory system?

A

Blood confined to blood vessels

Blood flows in one direction only

Allows of faster distribution and the controlled distribution of blood around the body

Allows alterations in blood flow to body organs e.g during exercise more oxygen is delivered to the muscles.

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4
Q

What does the human circulatory system consist of?

A

Blood vessels

The heart

Blood

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5
Q

Tell me about arteries

A

Carry blood away from the heart

Have high pressure

Have thick walls and narrow lumens

Do not have valves

Carry oxygen-rich blood (except for the pulmonary artery)

Divide into smaller vessels called arterioles

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6
Q

Tell me about veins

A

Carry blood to the heart

Have low pressure

Have thin walls and large lumens

Have valves

Carry oxygen-poor blood (except for the pulmonary vein)

Small veins are called venules

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7
Q

Layer structure in Arteries and Veins

A

Outer layer of tough inelastic protein called collagen which prevents the walls from over-expansion

A middle layer of muscle and elastic fibres. The muscle can alter the size of the vessel and therefore alter the blood pressure and the volume of blood being carried. This allows arteries to dilate during exercise so more blood flows to the leg muscles

An inner layer of living cells called the endothelium which surrounds the lumen.

The lumen is the central blood filled space

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8
Q

Differences between arteries and veins

A 
Arteries : 
Carries blood away from the heart
Blood under high pressure
Thick walls
Small lumen 
Blood flows in pulses 
Valves absent 
Blood rich in 02 
Veins: 
Carries blood to the heart
Blood under low pressure
Thin walls
Large lumen 
Blood flows smoothly with no pulses
Valves present 
Blood low in 02
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9
Q

Tell me about capillaries

A

Capillaries connect arteries to veins, have thin walls and allow exchange of materials.

Their walls are made of a single layer of endothelium cells

Capillary walls are permeable so they allow exchange of materials between the blood and body tissues

No valves or pulse as low Blood pressure

Lumen is very narrow

Carry both oxygenated and deoxygenated blood

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10
Q

Adoptions of capillaries for gaseous exchange

A

Porous and wall is only one cell thick providing a shorter diffusion distance

Blood flows slowly through capillaries allowing more time for exchange of materials

Vast number of capillaries provides a high surface area for efficient exchange

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11
Q

Define what an arteriole is. What can they do? What is their role?

A

Materials are tiny branches of arteries that lead to capillaries

They can constrict and dilate to regulate blood flow

Their role is to transport blood from the arteries to capillaries they are also the main regulators of blood flow and pressure

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12
Q

What are venules? What is their role?

A

Venules are small veins formed went capillaries join together

Their role is to drain blood from capillaries to veins for return to the heart. Many venules unite to form a vein.

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13
Q

Define Blood Pressure

A

BP is the force blood exerts against the wall of a blood vessel

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14
Q

Where is blood pressure highest?

A

In the arteries when the heart contracts

This pressure causes the artery to expand slightly which can be detected as a pulse

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15
Q

Where is blood pressure lowest?

A

In the veins

In the veins ordinary body muscles contract and this squeezes the veins and help to return the blood to the heart

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16
Q

What do valves do?

A

They control the direction of blood flow by preventing backflow of blood, ensuring blood flows towards the heart.

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17
Q

Location of the heart?

A

Located in the middle of the thorax, under the sternum, between the two lungs to the left hand side of the chest just above the diaphragm

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18
Q

What is the heart made of?

A

Cardiac muscle and surrounded by a double membrane called the pericardium

Pericardial fluid between these membranes help to reduce friction with nearby organs when the heart beats

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19
Q

Tell me about cardiac muscle

A

Very elastic

Does not fatigue

Receives its own blood supply through the cardiac (coronary) blood vessels

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20
Q

What to coronary arteries do?

A

Bring oxygenated blood to the cardiac muscle of the heart. Two coronary arteries arise from the base of the Aorta, just beyond the semi-lunar valve.

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21
Q

What do coronary veins do?

A

Return de-oxygenated blood directly to the right atrium

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22
Q

Top two chambers of the heart are called the..

A

Atria

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23
Q

Bottom two chambers of the heart are called the…

A

Ventricles

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24
Q

What do the atria do?

A

Pump blood to the lower chambers or ventricles

Distance is short so they have thin walls

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25
Q

What do the ventricles do?

A

Pump blood out of the heart

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26
Q

Where does the right ventricle pump blood?

A

The the lungs

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27
Q

Where does the left ventricle pump blood?

A

The the head and body

Much farther distance to pump blood so wall of left ventricle is much thicker

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28
Q

Valves are connected to the walls of the heart by projections called…

A

Papillary muscles

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29
Q

Valve between the right atrium and right ventricle is called …

A

3-flap tricuspid valve

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30
Q

Valve between the left atrium and left ventricle is called…

A

2-flap bicuspid valve

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31
Q

What valves are found at the base of both the pulmonary artery and the aorta?

A

Semi-lunar valves

32
Q

What is the septum?

A

A middle muscular wall which divides the heart into two sides.

Ensures that o2 rich and o2 poor blood don’t mix

33
Q

Blood flow in the heart

LORD

A

Left oxygenated Right deoxygenated

34
Q

Describe blood flow in the right side of the heart

A

Blood enters heart via SUPERIOR & INFERIOR VENA CAVA.

Blood rich in CO2

Flows into the right atrium, tricuspid valves open and blood is forced down into the ventricles. The valves close to prevent backflow

The heart PULSATES and forces the blood up through the SEMI-LUNAR VALVES & out of the PULMONARY ARTERY.

Valves close to prevent backflow.

Blood is taken to lungs to remove Co2 and collect o2

35
Q

Describe blood flow in the left side of the heart

A

Blood returns from the lungs rich in o2 via the PULMONARY VEIN. There are 2 one from each lung.

Blood enters the atrium and fills the chamber

BI-CUSPID valves open and blood flows down into the ventricles. The valves close to prevent backflow

Heart then pulses and the blood is forced up through the semi lunar valves and out the AORTA and all around the body

The coronary artery is the first branch off and this takes blood to the heart muscle itself.

36
Q

Double circulation

Pulmonary circuit

A

Heart to lungs and then back to heart

37
Q

Double circulation

Systematic circuit

A

Heart to rest of body and back to the heart

38
Q

What happens in the pulmonary circuit?

A

Heart - lungs - heart

Right ventricle pumps blood around the pul circuit

In this circuit blood gains o2 and looses co2 in the lungs

The circuit is short so walls of right ventricle are thin

39
Q

What happens in the systematic circuit?

A

Heart - body - heart

Left ventricle pumps oxygenated blood to the head, arms, trunk, and legs

Much longer route so walls of left ventricle are ticker & stronger than the right ventricle.

40
Q

Double vs Single Circulation

Advantages?

A

Double separates the oxygenated blood from deoxygenated blood

Ensures BP is high enough to reach all parts of body

Allows a rapid and efficient delivery of nutrients

Single circulation system can only produce low bp around most of the body. This restricts the activities of the animal e.g earthworm and fish

41
Q

What is a portal system?

A

One which begins and ends in capillaries

It is a blood supply that flows from ONE ORGAN DIRECTLY to ANOTHER ORGAN WITHOUT passing through the HEART.

EXAMPLE - hepatic portal vein brings blood rich in digested food but lacking in o2 from the intestine directly to the liver. It does not transport lipids.

42
Q

Outline the control of the heartbeat

A

Electrical impulses cause contraction of the heart

Impulses are produced by SA node or pacemaker located in the right atrium

43
Q

Tell me about the SA and AV nodes in the heart. What is their process of functioning?

A

The pacemaker pulses and causes the atria to contract

This stimulates the AV node located further down in the right atrium

The AV node sends an impulse down special muscle fibres located in the septum

The impulse is passed out to the walls of the ventricles by thin fibres. The impulse from these pulses causes the ventricles to contract

44
Q

What does the pacemaker do? What changes the rate at which the pacemaker operates?

A

Controls the rate of the heartbeat

Nerves from the brain can change the rate at which the pacemaker operates

45
Q

Changes in heartbeat

Factors that increase the heartbeat?

A

Exercise
Temperature
Emotions
Shock

46
Q

Factors that decrease the heartbeat

A

Relaxation
Sleep
Alcohol

47
Q

What is diastole?

A

Diastole is when the heart chambers relax

48
Q

What is systole?

A

This is when the heart chambers contract

49
Q

3 stages of the Heartbeat

Simple stages

A

Blood enters the heart
Blood is pumped from the atria to the ventricles
Blood leaves the heart

50
Q

Outline what happens when blood enters the heart

What conditions are present within the heart?

A

The atria and ventricles are both relaxed (diastole)

Blood enters the atria

All valves are closed

51
Q

Outline what happens when blood is pumped from the atria to the ventricles

A

Electrical impulses from the pacemaker cause atria to contract (atrial systole)

This pumps blood to the ventricles

The tricuspid valves and bicuspid valves open

The vena cava and pulmonary veins close to stop blood entering the atria

The semi lunar valves remain closed

52
Q

Outline what happens when blood leaves the heart

A

The atria relax and impulses from the AV node cause the ventricles to contract (ventrical systole)

Blood is forced out of the heart into the pulmonary artery and the aorta

This pressure forces the semi lunar valves to open and closes the cuspid valves ( causing the ‘lub’ sound)

The ventricles now relax again

Closing the semi lunar valves prevents blood flowing back into the ventricles

The closure causes the dub sound

53
Q

What is a pulse and What causes it? Where can it be felt?

A

Its is the expansion and contraction of an artery as blood is forced through it

Left ventricles contract - pressure of the blood forced into the aorta causes the aorta to expand

Felt in neck or wrist

54
Q

What is the average pulse (heart) rate of an adult ?

A

72 beats per min

56
Q

Where is blood pressure measured?

A

In an artery in the upper arm

57
Q

What type of two blood pressures are measured? What is the average blood pressure of a healthy adult?

A

Systolic and diastolic pressures of the ventricles

120/80 mm Hg

58
Q

If the ______ pressure is above ____ the person is suffering from ____ blood pressure

A

Diastolic
Above 95
High BP (hypertension)

59
Q

What are the main causes of high BP?

A

Blockages in the arterioles or small arteries

These cause the heart to pump harder and may lead to a stroke ( lack of blood to the brain) , heart attack and death

60
Q

Effects of smoking on the circulatory system

A

Nicotine raises heart rate and blood pressure thus increasing the work load of the heart

Carbon monoxide destroys the oxygen carrying ability of RBC. This results in lower energy production by the body

Other chemicals in tobacco increase blood clots occurring (thrombosis)

61
Q

Main dietary factors affecting the circulatory system?

A

Saturated fats

  • causing blocked arteries
  • Raising cholesterol levels and increases risk of heart disease

High salt intake raises blood pressure

Being greatly overweight raises BP and causes heart attacks

62
Q

What does cholesterol do?

A

Increases the risk of forming blockages in arteries, especially the coronary arteries and those leading to the brain

Blockages result in heart attacks and strokes

63
Q

What does exercise do for the heart and circulation?

A

Enlarges and strengthens the heart

Improves overall circulation

Stimulates the formation of more capillaries in working muscles

65
Q

Definition of blood pressure? What does it depend on?

A

The force exerted by the blood on the walls of the arteries due to the contacting of the heart

It depends on the volume of blood within the system and the space available within the blood vessels

66
Q

What are the main functions of the blood?what do they transport and defend against

A

Transport food, waste products, hormones by plasma

Transport heat

Transport o2 by RBC

Defend against disease ( WBC )
Platelets clots blood

67
Q

Define what blood is

A

A complex fluid connective tissue which is pumped through the closed blood vessels of the circulatory system

68
Q

Plasma proteins- name the two types

A

Antibodies and Clotting proteins

69
Q

Role of plasma

A

Transport - carries dissolved substances such as glucos, carbon dioxide, salts, urea and hormones

Carries heat around the body - homeostasis: maintaining a constant internal environment

Serum is plasma which has the clotting proteins removed. Still contains antibodies - used as injections to boost immune system

70
Q

Where are RBC produced

A

In the bone marrow of large bones like the femur

71
Q

Shape of RBC

A

Bi concave disks

72
Q

Past exam Q 2009

What is the role of the SA and AV nodes in the heart?

A

SA
The pacemaker
Causes atria to contract
Generates an electrical impulse

AV
Causes the ventricles to contract

73
Q

Mock exam Q

From what major artery do the coronary arteries emerge

A

Aorta

74
Q

Mock Q

Give the precise location of the point of origin of the coronary arteries

A

At the base of the aorta , just beyond the semi-lunar valves

75
Q

Mock Q

Explain why blood flow only occurs in the cardiac muscle during diastole

A

Blood may only enter the atria of the heart when all the chambers are relaxed

76
Q

Mock Q

Name the structure into which the cardiac veins drain their blood

A

The right atrium

77
Q

Heart dissection

Describe how you dissected a heart in order to investigate the internal structure of atria and ventricles (9 marks = 3 points for 3 marks each point)

A

1) safety precaution : wear gloves, goggles and lab coat.
2) identify the front ( ventral) and back of the heart
3) Place heart on a dissection board, front ventral side facing up
4) use a scalpel to make incisions

Incision 1 = shallow cut in the left atrium and left ventricle

Incision 2 = along front side of heart, on the right side, 1cm away and parallel to first incision

78
Q

State the procedure that you followed to expose a semi lunar valve

A

Cut open the aorta or pulmonary artery

79
Q

Where in your dissection did you find the origin of the coronary artery

A

At the base of the aorta, near the semi-lunar valve

Biology (10 decks)

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