CHAPTER 2: THE CHROMOSOMAL BASIS OF HEREDITY

Question 1

– the basic structural, functional and biological unit of all organisms. It is the smallest unit of matter that can carry on all the processes of life

Answer 1

Cell

Question 2

Two distinct cell types:

Answer 2

1. prokaryotic cell
2. eukaryotic cells

Question 3

• which is a unicellular among prokaryotes that lacks organelles and nucleus such as the monerans and bacteria;

Answer 3

prokaryotic cell

Question 4

• which are multicellular plants and animals having nucleus and organelles

Answer 4

eukaryotic cells

Question 5

PLANT CELL STRUCTURE

Answer 5

a. cell wall
b. cell/plasma membrane or plasmalemma
c. cytoplasm
d. nucleus

Question 6

– a tough, rigid structure enclosing the plant cell that is made up of finely interwoven network of cellulose strands of varying complexity and size

Answer 6

Cell wall

Question 7

Cell Wall Functions:

Answer 7

o give shape, support and protection to the cell
o maintains turgor pressure
o regulates movement in and out
o cell-to-cell communication

Question 8

Parts of Cell Wall:

Answer 8

a. primary wall
b. secondary wall
c. middle lamella
d. plasmodesmata

Question 9

– a thin, rigid structure enclosing the plant cell that is made up of finely interwoven network of cellulose strands of varying complexity and size.

Answer 9

Cell/Plasma membrane or Plasmalemma

Question 10

It is a semi-permeable membrane that regulates the entry of materials into and out of the cell.

Answer 10

Cell/Plasma membrane or Plasmalemma

Question 11

Phosphate head - Hydrophilic - __________
Lipid tails - Hydrophobic - ___________

Answer 11

water loving: water fearing

Question 12

– a jelly-like substance within the cell containing the organelles, or
everything between the cell membrane and the nucleus.

Answer 12

Cytoplasm

Question 13

Cytoplasm Functions:

Answer 13

o serves as the general storage and working area of the cell
o where food nutrients are received, processed and used and where waste products are removed

Question 14

Components of cytoplasm:

Answer 14

a. cytosol
b. organelles

Question 15

– a jellylike mixture that contains mostly water along with proteins, carbohydrates, salts and minerals

Answer 15

Cytosol

Question 16

– the structures that work like miniature organs which carry out specific functions

Answer 16

Organelles

Question 17

Some of the most important organelles are:

Answer 17

a. vacuole
b. endoplasmic reticulum
c. ribosomes
d. mitochondrion
e. golgi bodies
f. cytoskeleton
g. plastids

Question 18

– a fluid-filled, bubble-like structure in a cell containing water and dissolved minerals. This is where waste, water and various substances are stored, like oils, resins and other plant compounds.

Answer 18

Vacuole

Question 19

Types of Vacuole:

Answer 19

1. food vacuole (food storage)
2. excretory vacuole ( for removal)
3. central vacuole ( water storage)

Question 20

– a winding network of membranes or flattened channels interconnected with each other that provides channels for transport of materials.

Answer 20

Endoplasmic reticulum

Question 21

ER is made up of two subunits:

Answer 21

the rough endoplasmic reticulum (RER) and the smooth endoplasmic reticulum (SER)

Question 22

– submicroscopic particles of “phospholipid-ribonucleic-protein complex” associated with the endoplasmic reticulum and floating freely in the cytoplasm. It is the sites of protein synthesis in a cell.

Answer 22

Ribosomes

Question 23

– are slender rods or filaments enclosed by two membranes known as the “powerhouse of the cell”.

Answer 23

Mitochondrion

Question 24

– consists of flattened smooth-surfaced sacs stacked one on top of the other that serves as a site for the processing and packaging of cell secretions/products (e.g. protein).

Answer 24

Golgi bodies

Question 24

It provides the cell’s usable energy It is also known as the “sites of chemical reactions” since it produces ATP.

Answer 24

Mitochondrion

Question 25

Golgi bodies two part:

Answer 25

a. cisternae - flattened stays only in one place
b. vesicles - small and can move one place to another

Question 26

– network of long protein strands located in the Cytosol, that are Not surrounded by a membrane.

Answer 26

Cytoskeleton

Question 27

It contains the microfilaments (thin- ACTIN) and the microtubules (large - TUBULIN)

Answer 27

Cytoskeleton

Question 28

– round or oval bodies that contain pigments such as the chloroplasts, that contains the chlorophyll that is important in photosynthesis.

Answer 28

Plastids

Question 29

types of plastids:

Answer 29

a. leucoplasts
b. chromoplast
c. chloroplast

Question 30

• pigment for colorless
• starch storage (amyloplast)
• oil storage ( elaioplasts)

Answer 30

leucoplasts

Question 31

• contain red, yellow, and orange pigments

Answer 31

chromoplasts

Question 32

• green pigment

Answer 32

chloroplast

Question 33

• pigment absorb energy in sunlight

Answer 33

chlorophyll

Question 34

– the one that controls the physiology of the cell, or the brain of the cell.

Answer 34

Nucleus

Question 35

It controls or directs the synthesis of the enzymes that catalyze most of the metabolic
reactions of the cell.

Answer 35

Nucleus

Question 36

Nucleus has the:

Answer 36

a. nuclear membrane
b. nucleoplasm

Question 37

_________ which surrounds the nucleus, that controls the movement of substances into and out of the nucleus.

Answer 37

Nuclear membrane

Question 38

• the fluid portion of the nucleus in which other structures are found like the nucleolus, that makes ribosomal RNA (rRNA), and the chromosomes which is further describe in the succeeding section.

Answer 38

Nucleoplasm

Question 39

nucleoplasm part:

Answer 39

a. nucleolus
b. chromosomes