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General Biology 1 > Chapter 2- The Chemistry Of Life > Flashcards

Chapter 2- The Chemistry Of Life Flashcards

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1
Q

Element

A

A substance that can’t be broken down by chemical means into other substances.

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2
Q

Atoms are composed of what?

A

Protons, neutrons, and electrons.

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3
Q

Electrons are found where?

A

They surround the atomic nucleus.

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4
Q

Protons and neutrons are found where?

A

Close together in the atomic nucleus (center of atom).

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5
Q

What charge do Electrons hold?

A

Negative.

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6
Q

What charge do neutrons hold?

A

None.

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7
Q

What charge do protons hold?

A

Positive charge.

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8
Q

What determines an element’s atomic number?

A

Protons determine an element’s atomic number.

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9
Q

What determines the atomic mass?

A

The total number of protons and neutrons in its nucleus.

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10
Q

What is an isotope?

A

Different forms of the same element (varying number of neutrons).

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11
Q

Chemical bonds link what together?

A

Atoms.

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12
Q

What do electrons determine?

A

Whether and how atoms will react with other atoms (chemical bonding).

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13
Q

What contains an atom’s electrons?

A

Energy shells or orbitals, she’ll furthest from the nucleus is important for bonding.

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14
Q

Unpaired electrons form with what?

A

They form bonds with other atoms.

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15
Q

Atoms are most stable when?

A

When their outer shells have no vacancies.

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16
Q

Vacancies make the atom?

A

Less stable, and more likely to bond with other atoms.

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17
Q

Chemical bonds link atoms into what?

A

Molecules.

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18
Q

When is a covalent bond formed?

A

When atoms share electrons.

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19
Q

What are double bonds?

A

When covalent atoms share four electrons between atoms.

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20
Q

What is electro negativity?

A

Measures an atom’s ability to attract electrons.

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21
Q

What are non polar covalent bonds?

A

This type of bond forms when atoms have similar electro negativities.

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22
Q

What are polar covalent bonds?

A

When atoms have very different electro negativities.

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23
Q

What are ionic bonds?

A

When some atoms have such different electro negativities that one atom completely pulls an electron away from the other.

24
Q

The atom that loses an electron becomes?

A

Positively charged.

25
Q

The atom that gains an electron becomes?

A

Negatively Charged.

26
Q

Atoms with ionic bonds become?

A

Stable because the atoms no longer have an electron vacancy.

27
Q

What is cohesion?

A

The tendency of water molecules to stick to one another.

28
Q

What is adhesive?

A

Cohesion and adhesion allow water molecules to climb from a trees roots to its highest leaves.

29
Q

What is hydrophilic?

A

These are water loving substances such as salt NaCl.

30
Q

What is hydrophobic?

A

Water fearing solutes such as butter.

31
Q

Hydrogen bonds make water resistant to what?

A

Changes in temperatures.

32
Q

Water does what when it freezes?

A

Expands because the hydrogen bonds make water molecules spread out as the water turns to ice.

33
Q

What does the pH scale show?

A

Shows the amount of H+ ions in solutions.

34
Q

Acidic solutions have what?

A

Low pH and high H+ concentration.

35
Q

Basic solutions have what?

A

Basic solutions have a high pH and a low H+ concentration.

36
Q

What are buffer solutions?

A

They help maintain a constant pH absorbing or releasing H* into a solution.

37
Q

What is an organic molecule?

A

Molecules that contain both carbon and hydrogen.

38
Q

Organic molecules are needed for?

A

1) Carbohydrates
2) Proteins
3) Nucleic Acids
4) Lipids

39
Q

What is a monomer?

A

A single unit of a carbohydrate, protein, or nucleic acid.

40
Q

What are polymers?

A

Two or more monomers joined together.

41
Q

What is dehydration synthesis?

A

Joins monomers together in a chemical reaction.

42
Q

What is hydrolysis?

A

Breaks polymers apart back into monomers.

43
Q

Carbohydrates include what?

A

Simple sugars and polysaccharides.

44
Q

What are monosaccharides?

A

Simple sugars; they are the monomers that make up larger carbohydrates.

45
Q

Dehydration synthesis binds what together?

A

Bonds two monosaccharides together, forming a disaccharide.

46
Q

What are proteins?

A

The “workers” of cells, they do almost anything such as creating structures and producing muscle contractions.

47
Q

What are amino acids?

A

The monomers of proteins.

48
Q

Each amino acid has its own what?

A

Chemical and physical properties.

49
Q

What is a dipeptide?

A

When dehydration synthesis bonds two amino acids together.

50
Q

Normal proteins are?

A

Functional proteins.

51
Q

Denatured proteins are?

A

Nonfunctional proteins and lose their shape.

52
Q

Nucleic acids carry what?

A

Genetic information; they include DNA and RNA.

53
Q

The monomers of Nucleic acids are known as what?

A

Nucleotides.

54
Q

All lipids are what?

A

Hydrophobic.

55
Q

Triglycerides are what?

A

(Fats and oils) very energy rich. Useful for long-term energy storage.

56
Q

Saturated fatty acids are?

A

All carbons of an unsaturated fatty acid are bonded to four other atoms.

57
Q

Some fatty acids are unsaturated?

A

Contains at least one double bond, which gives the fatty acid a bent shape.

General Biology 1 (4 decks)

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