Chapter 2- The Chemistry Of Life

Question 1

Element

Answer 1

A substance that can’t be broken down by chemical means into other substances.

Question 2

Atoms are composed of what?

Answer 2

Protons, neutrons, and electrons.

Question 3

Electrons are found where?

Answer 3

They surround the atomic nucleus.

Question 4

Protons and neutrons are found where?

Answer 4

Close together in the atomic nucleus (center of atom).

Question 5

What charge do Electrons hold?

Answer 5

Negative.

Question 6

What charge do neutrons hold?

Answer 6

None.

Question 7

What charge do protons hold?

Answer 7

Positive charge.

Question 8

What determines an element’s atomic number?

Answer 8

Protons determine an element’s atomic number.

Question 9

What determines the atomic mass?

Answer 9

The total number of protons and neutrons in its nucleus.

Question 10

What is an isotope?

Answer 10

Different forms of the same element (varying number of neutrons).

Question 11

Chemical bonds link what together?

Answer 11

Atoms.

Question 12

What do electrons determine?

Answer 12

Whether and how atoms will react with other atoms (chemical bonding).

Question 13

What contains an atom’s electrons?

Answer 13

Energy shells or orbitals, she’ll furthest from the nucleus is important for bonding.

Question 14

Unpaired electrons form with what?

Answer 14

They form bonds with other atoms.

Question 15

Atoms are most stable when?

Answer 15

When their outer shells have no vacancies.

Question 16

Vacancies make the atom?

Answer 16

Less stable, and more likely to bond with other atoms.

Question 17

Chemical bonds link atoms into what?

Answer 17

Molecules.

Question 18

When is a covalent bond formed?

Answer 18

When atoms share electrons.

Question 19

What are double bonds?

Answer 19

When covalent atoms share four electrons between atoms.

Question 20

What is electro negativity?

Answer 20

Measures an atom’s ability to attract electrons.

Question 21

What are non polar covalent bonds?

Answer 21

This type of bond forms when atoms have similar electro negativities.

Question 22

What are polar covalent bonds?

Answer 22

When atoms have very different electro negativities.

Question 23

What are ionic bonds?

Answer 23

When some atoms have such different electro negativities that one atom completely pulls an electron away from the other.

Question 24

The atom that loses an electron becomes?

Answer 24

Positively charged.

Question 25

The atom that gains an electron becomes?

Answer 25

Negatively Charged.

Question 26

Atoms with ionic bonds become?

Answer 26

Stable because the atoms no longer have an electron vacancy.

Question 27

What is cohesion?

Answer 27

The tendency of water molecules to stick to one another.

Question 28

What is adhesive?

Answer 28

Cohesion and adhesion allow water molecules to climb from a trees roots to its highest leaves.

Question 29

What is hydrophilic?

Answer 29

These are water loving substances such as salt NaCl.

Question 30

What is hydrophobic?

Answer 30

Water fearing solutes such as butter.

Question 31

Hydrogen bonds make water resistant to what?

Answer 31

Changes in temperatures.

Question 32

Water does what when it freezes?

Answer 32

Expands because the hydrogen bonds make water molecules spread out as the water turns to ice.

Question 33

What does the pH scale show?

Answer 33

Shows the amount of H+ ions in solutions.

Question 34

Acidic solutions have what?

Answer 34

Low pH and high H+ concentration.

Question 35

Basic solutions have what?

Answer 35

Basic solutions have a high pH and a low H+ concentration.

Question 36

What are buffer solutions?

Answer 36

They help maintain a constant pH absorbing or releasing H* into a solution.

Question 37

What is an organic molecule?

Answer 37

Molecules that contain both carbon and hydrogen.

Question 38

Organic molecules are needed for?

Answer 38

1) Carbohydrates 2) Proteins 3) Nucleic Acids 4) Lipids

Question 39

What is a monomer?

Answer 39

A single unit of a carbohydrate, protein, or nucleic acid.

Question 40

What are polymers?

Answer 40

Two or more monomers joined together.

Question 41

What is dehydration synthesis?

Answer 41

Joins monomers together in a chemical reaction.

Question 42

What is hydrolysis?

Answer 42

Breaks polymers apart back into monomers.

Question 43

Carbohydrates include what?

Answer 43

Simple sugars and polysaccharides.

Question 44

What are monosaccharides?

Answer 44

Simple sugars; they are the monomers that make up larger carbohydrates.

Question 45

Dehydration synthesis binds what together?

Answer 45

Bonds two monosaccharides together, forming a disaccharide.

Question 46

What are proteins?

Answer 46

The “workers” of cells, they do almost anything such as creating structures and producing muscle contractions.

Question 47

What are amino acids?

Answer 47

The monomers of proteins.

Question 48

Each amino acid has its own what?

Answer 48

Chemical and physical properties.

Question 49

What is a dipeptide?

Answer 49

When dehydration synthesis bonds two amino acids together.

Question 50

Normal proteins are?

Answer 50

Functional proteins.

Question 51

Denatured proteins are?

Answer 51

Nonfunctional proteins and lose their shape.

Question 52

Nucleic acids carry what?

Answer 52

Genetic information; they include DNA and RNA.

Question 53

The monomers of Nucleic acids are known as what?

Answer 53

Nucleotides.

Question 54

All lipids are what?

Answer 54

Hydrophobic.

Question 55

Triglycerides are what?

Answer 55

(Fats and oils) very energy rich. Useful for long-term energy storage.

Question 56

Saturated fatty acids are?

Answer 56

All carbons of an unsaturated fatty acid are bonded to four other atoms.

Question 57

Some fatty acids are unsaturated?

Answer 57

Contains at least one double bond, which gives the fatty acid a bent shape.