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ANPH1001 > Chapter 2 - The Chemistry of Life > Flashcards

Chapter 2 - The Chemistry of Life Flashcards

Understanding chemical elements within the body

1
Q

acid

A

pH lower than 7 - a chemical compound that disassociates in solution releasing hydrogen ions and lowering the solutions pH

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2
Q

element

A

a substance who’s atoms all contain the same # of protons & electrons (causing the atom to be neutral)

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3
Q

atomic theory

A

John Dalton - 5 points (1. all matter is made of atoms, 2. atoms of a given element are similar to one another, 3. atoms of two or more elements form compounds, 4. a chemical reaction involves the re-arrangement, separation, or combination of atoms, 5. atoms are never created or destroyed in chemical reactions)

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4
Q

Protons

A

have a positive charge - one unit of atoms weight

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5
Q

Neutrons

A

are neutral in charge - one unit of atoms weight

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6
Q

Electrons

A

have a negative charge - practically weightless - determining all of the atoms chemical and physical properties (except mass and radioactivity)

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7
Q

Atomic Number

A

indicates the number of protons or electrons - the number of protons (atomic number) also determines it’s location on the periodic table

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8
Q

Orbitals

A

energy levels - is the location of electrons in respect to the nucleus - first orbital has a max. capacity of 2 electrons, all the rest have a max. of 8

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9
Q

Isotope

A

atoms of the same element but have different numbers of neutrons (ie: C 12 has six protons & neutrons, C 13 has six protons & seven neutrons, C 14 has six protons & eight neutrons)

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10
Q

Molecule vs. Compound

A

A molecule is formed when two or more atoms (either the same or different) of an element chemically join together. ie: O2 (oxygen)

Water is both: molecule & compound H2O

A compound forms if the types of atoms are different from each other

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11
Q

Ion

A

an atom or molecule with a net electric charge due to the loss or gain of one or more electrons

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12
Q

Ionic Bond

A

one atoms gains electron(s)
while the other donates electron(s)

are extremely polar & will dissolve in water
often crystaline

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13
Q

Covalent Bond

A

atoms SHARE electrons (not always equally though) to fill the outermost energy level - they do not dissociate when immersed in water

The 5 most important elements found in cells that bond covalently: Carbon, Oxygen, Hydrogen, Nitrogen and sometimes Sulpher

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14
Q

Hydrogen Bond

A

a weak bond between two molecules (one which contains hydrogen) resulting from an attraction between a proton in one molecule and the electrons in the other

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15
Q

Electrostatic force

A

the electrons of each atom are attracted to the protons of the other - like charges repel, opposites attract

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16
Q

Polarity - slightly positive vs. slightly negative

A

THE TAKER is negatively charged - now has more electrons than protons

THE GIVER is positively charged - now has more protons than electrons

ie: H+ 2 O- or Na+ Cl-

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17
Q

Electronegativity

A

the relative power of an atom/molecule to attract electrons to share - the higher the number, the more attracted electrons will be

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18
Q

Electron carrier

A

special molecules that gain electrons only to lose them to another molecule in a very short time

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19
Q

ENERGY

A

ALL BONDS - contain energy (the ability to do work) - results from the interaction of electrons and the nuclei of the bonded atoms

amount of energy varies as the distance between the atoms changes

If atoms are close, the electron paths overlap

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20
Q

Bond Length

A

the distance between 2 nuclei at the point of minimum energy (balance between attraction and repulsive forces)

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21
Q

Double Bond

A

a bond in which 2 pairs of electrons are shared by a pair of atoms

Calculate based on valence electrons (outermost orbital for entire molecule)
Carbon = 4
Oxygen = 6 x 2 = 12
16 total

each oxygen will need to share 2 electrons to fulfill carbon (bond) and the carbon will need to share 2 of its electrons with each oxygen to fulfill (bond #2) drawn as
. . . .
: O = C = O :

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22
Q

Adenosine Triphosphate

A

ATP - high energy fuel molecule that is constantly being broken down and built up to do the cells work

Created by adding a phosphate group (PO 4) to Adenosine Diphosphate (ADP)

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23
Q

Common Living Substances in Living Systems

A 
10 of them - CAMP CALM NW
Carbon Dioxide Gas
Ammonia
Molecular Oxygen
Proteins
Carbohydrates
Adenosine Triphosphate (ATP)
Lipids
Mineral Salts
Nucleic Acids
Water
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24
Q

Water - Roles

A

Most abundant sub. in living cells - makes up and 60% to 80% (91% in plasma)

  1. Takes part in respiration (glucose used to create ATP) and photosynthesis (creates glucose)
  2. Solvent for chemical reactions
  3. Aids in digestion (break down of larger molecules)
  4. Basis for transport in blood (hormones & enzymes)
  5. Base for lubricants (mucus & synovial fluid)
  6. Helps control body temp.
  7. Protection (fetus in amniotic fluid and brain in cerebrospinal fluid)
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25
Q

Phototsynthesis - compound formation

A

6 CO2 + 12 H2O = C6H12O6 + 6 O2 + 6 H2O

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26
Q

Respiration - compound formation

A

C6H12O6 + 6 O2 = 6 CO2 + 6 H2O + energy (in the form of ATP)

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27
Q

Carbon Dioxide - CO2

A

covalently bonded - necessary for photosynthesis to convert radiant energy into usable chemical energy (glucose) - expelled from the body as a waste of cellular respiration

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28
Q

Molecular Oxygen - O2

A

covalently bonded - approx 21% of the gas in the atmosphere is oxygen and produced by photosynthesis in plants - required to convert energy (glucose) into usable energy (ATP)

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29
Q

Ammonia - NH3

A

covalently bonded - the Nitrogen is an important element in amino acids (building blocks of proteins)

comes from decomposition of proteins through the digestive process and conversion of amino acids to ATP

ammonia is injurious to cells and the liver converts it to urea for disposal

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30
Q

Mineral Salts (aka Electrolytes) - functions

A

composed of ions

  1. are involved in structure of enzymes & hormones
  2. are portions of cellular env. necessary for enzyme or protein actin
31
Q

Mineral Salts (aka Electrolytes) - List 7 Major

A

Seven Major ones:
Calcium (Ca+) - muscle contraction, nervous transmission, strong bones (most abundant)
Phosphate (PO4-) - ATP production
Chloride (Cl-) - nervous transmission
Potassium (K+) and Sodium (Na+) - muscle contraction and nervous transmission
Magnesium (Mg+) - enzyme systems
Sulfur (S+) - not yet taught

32
Q

Carbohydrates

A 
covalently bonded - Carbon, Hydrogen, Oxygen in 1:2:1 ratio
Think sugar (3 bonded groups - monosaccharides, disaccharides, polysaccharides)

Provide energy, store energy, and strengthen cells (cellulose in plants and chitin in external skeleton of arthropods)

33
Q

Monosaccharides

A

a carbohydrate - one sugar - will not react with water into anything simpler

H-C-OH is typical for sugars
chains of either
5 carbon (Ribose in RNA or deoxyribose in DNA)
6 carbon (Glucose (6 atom ring) or Fructose (5 atom ring) atoms

34
Q

Disaccharides

A

a carbohydrate - 2 sugars - water is released between the two and an oxygen bond is formed

examples are
Sucrose - Comb. glucose & fructose
Lactose - Comb. glucose & galactose
Maltose - Comb. glucose & glucose

35
Q

Polysaccharides

A

a carbohydrate - many sugars

examples are
starch - can be used as energy or stored as glycogen
cellulose - matl. of plant cell walls - fiber in our diets
glycogen - animal starch

36
Q

Glycogen

A

a type of carbohydrate - polysaccharide of glucose that serves as a form of energy storage

37
Q

Lipids

A

insoluble in water - mostly non-polar bonds

Energy storage
Insulation - found under skin
Protection - surrounding kidneys to shield from severe jolts

Examples are:
fats, phospholipids, steroids, prostoglandins in molecular form

38
Q

Glycerol

A

aka glycerin - is a simple compound that is the backbone of triglycerides (a fat) - only a 3 carbon chain (hydroxyl group is -OH)

colorless, odorless, viscous liquid that is sweet-tasting and non-toxic

39
Q

Triacylglycerol

trī-ăs′əl-glĭs′ə-rôl′

A

a type of fat (lipid) found in your blood

Make up 95% of the fats in our bodies
Combines glycerol to 3 fatty acid chains (releasing water and forming an O bond)

eat - body converts any calories it doesn’t need to use right away into triglycerides (stored in your fat cells) Later, hormones release triglycerides for energy between meals

40
Q

Fatty acids

A

a compound that is connected to glycerol to form triacylglycerols - a long carbon/hydrogen chain that ends in a carboxyl group (-COOH)

41
Q

Glucose

A

Carbohydrate - a type of sugar you get from foods you eat, and your body uses it for energy

42
Q

Saturated Fatty Acid

A

Lipid - saturated in hydrogen bonds
usually solid at room temp.
ingesting too many can lead to cardiovascular disease

43
Q

Unsaturated Fatty Acid

A

Lipid - unsaturated in hydrogen bonds meaning the carbon chain has at least 1 double covalent bond between the carbon atoms
usually liquid at room temp.
are good for you

44
Q

Steroid

A

Lipid - a hormone with a backbone of 4 interconnected carbon rings

45
Q

Phospholipid

A

Lipid - Made up of glycerol, 2 fatty acids, and on the 3rd carbon of glycerol is a phosphate group
Make up cell membrane walls (think 2 legged octopus) with hydrophobic ends facing inwards (legs) and hydrophilic ends facing out (their head)

46
Q

Protein - made up of

A

Contain C, H, O, N and some S

Amino acids are building blocks

  1. hydrogen atom
  2. carboxyl group (-COOH)
  3. amine group (-NH2) aka amino
  4. the “R” group
47
Q

Protein - functions

A
  1. Structure - part of plasma membrane, Endoplasmic reticulum, Mitochondria and muscle cells (actin & myosin)
  2. Energy - like carbs & lipids are broken down & converted to ATP
  3. Immunity - antibodies are proteins
  4. Hormone proteins - coordinate bodily functions
  5. Transport proteins - hemoglobin transports oxygen in the blood
48
Q

Primary structure

A

Proteins 1st determining factor for structure - the sequence of the amino acids

49
Q

Peptide Bond

A

a chemical bond formed between two molecules

the carboxyl group of one amino acid and the amino group (NH2) of another amino acid bond and release water (similar to when sugars combine in disaccharides of carbs.)

50
Q

Enzymes

A

catalyst - accelerate chemical reactions

are typically proteins

51
Q

Nucleic Acid

A

general names - DNA & RNA
large molecules made of: C, O, H, N & phosphorous atoms (dbl or single chains of nucleotides)

DNA - Stores our genetic instructions (chromosomes)
RNA - molecules that are necessary for protein synthesis

52
Q

Nucleotide

A

basic structure of a nucleic acid
consists of :

a nitrogen base (one of four chemicals: adenine, thymine/uracil, guanine, and cytosine)

a molecule of sugar (deoxyribose or ribose)

phosphoric acid (phosphate group)

53
Q

Secondary structure

A

proteins 2nd determining factor in structure

coil or pleat (determined by the hydrogen & amino acid interaction) - is crucial to the functioning of proteins

if hydrogen bonds are destroyed (high temp or increased acidity) the protein becomes non-functional

stabilized by hydrogen bonds

54
Q

Tertiary structure

A

proteins 3rd determining factor in structure

“balling” up - folding caused by interactions within the peptide bonds and between sulfur atoms of different amino acids (changes affecting this structure also affect protein function)

hydrophobic packing
stabilized by hydrogen bonds

55
Q

Quaternary structure

A

proteins 4th determining factor in structure

determined by spatial relationships between individual units

56
Q

Ribonucleic Acid

A

Three major types of RNA
1. mRNA, or messenger RNA, that serve as temporary copies of the information found in DNA

  1. rRNA, or ribosomal RNA, that serve as structural components of protein-making structures known as ribosomes
  2. tRNA, or transfer RNA, that ferry amino acids to the ribosome to be assembled
57
Q

Purine

A

two carbon nitrogen base - represented by 2 hexagons attached by two hydrogen bonds

  1. Adenine (DNA or RNA) - will attach to T/U
  2. Guanine (DNA or RNA) - will attach to C
58
Q

Pyrimidine (pie-rim-i-deen)

A

one carbon nitrogen base - represented by 1 hexagon

  1. Thymine (DNA only)
  2. Uracil (RNA only)
  3. Cytosine (DNA or RNA)
59
Q

Adenosine Triphosphate - functions

A

fuel that runs the cells machinery - currency for intra-cellular energy transfer

  1. structural repair
  2. reproduction
  3. assimilation (absorption & digestion of food)
  4. transporting matls across cell membranes
  5. plays important role in synthesis of nucleic acid
60
Q

Adenosine Triphosphate - components

A

ATP is made of

  1. Ribose (5 carbon sugar represented as two hexagons)
  2. Adenine (purine)
  3. Three phosphate groups (the energy is stored in the 2nd and 3rd phosphate groups)

ADP + PO4 + energy = ATP

61
Q

Adenosine Diphosphate - components

A

ADP is made of

  1. Ribose (5 carbon sugar represented as two hexagons)
  2. Adenine (purine)
  3. Two phosphate groups (the energy is stored in the 2nd group)

when combined with a 3rd phosphate group and energy you get ATP

62
Q

Cellular Respiration

A

a set of metabolic reactions and processes that take place in the cells of organisms to convert biochemical energy from nutrients into adenosine triphosphate (ATP), and then release waste products

63
Q

Diffusion

A

movement of molecules from an area of high concentration to an area of low concentration - random collisions of molecules

64
Q

What factors affect molecular speed?

A

Temperature - the warmer, the faster

Solids are slowest while gases are fastest

65
Q

Give an example of diffusion in the body

A

We breathe in air which is oxygen rich
O2 diffuses to the blood from the lungs
CO2 moves from the blood to lungs
Exhale to release CO2

66
Q

Osmosis

A

Pertains to the movement of water molecules

67
Q

Hypertonic

A

a solution that is high in H2O. Distilled water.

68
Q

Hypotonic

A

a solution that is low in H2O. Maybe you have salt dissolved in the water.

69
Q

Active Transport

A

Cells obtain materials that will go against the concentration gradient
ATP is required

70
Q

pH

A

a scale of acidity from 0 to 14. It tells how acidic or alkaline a substance is with 7 being neutral

71
Q

acidic

A

if when the substance dissociates, there is an excess of Hydrogen

the more H+ ions, the stronger the acidity

0 is most acidic, and 6.9 is least

72
Q

Alkali (basic)

A

a substance combines with the Hydrogen in water, thus lowering the H+ concentration

7.1 is the least basic and 14 is the most

73
Q

Buffer

A

a substance that acts as a reservoir for Hydrogen ions. It will donate them or take them “in” as required to help maintain homeostasis

Most buffers contain one acid and one base
Blood contains: bicarbonate (base) and carbonic acid (acid)

74
Q

Amine group

A

contains nitrogen - H2N

formed from ammonia (NH3) by replacing one or more of the hydrogen atoms - to build an amino acid, to build a protein

ANPH1001 (3 decks)

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