Chapter 2 The Cells And Its Function Flashcards
Two major parts of the cell
Nucleus
Cytoplasm
The different substances that make up the cell
Protoplasm
Components of protoplasm
Water
Electrolytes
Proteins
Lipids
carbohydrates
The principal fluid medium of the cell,
which is present in most cells
water
water is present in most cells except
Fat cells in a concentration of 70-85 percent
Important ions in the cell include
potassium
magnesium
phosphate
Sulfate
bicarbonate
And smaller quantities of sodium, chloride, and calcium
provide inorganic chemicals for cellular reactions. Also, they are necessary for operation of some of
the cellular control mechanisms
Ions
ions acting at the cell membrane are required for transmission of what?
electrochemical impulses in nerve and muscle fibers.
Percent constitute of protein in a cell mass
10-20 percent
are present in the cell mainly in the
form of long filaments that are polymers of many individual
protein molecules.
Structural proteins
are found especially in the
collagen and elastin fibers of connective tissue and in blood
vessel walls, tendons, ligaments, and so forth.
fibrillar proteins
are an entirely different type
of protein, usually composed of combinations of a few
molecules in tubular-globular form.
This protein are mainly enzymes of the cells
functional proteins
Are often mobile mobile in the cell fluid
Fibrillar protein
Mainly insoluble in water and therefore are used to form the cell membrane a d intracellular membrane barriers
Phospholipids and cholesterol
Often account for as much as 95 percent of the cell mass
Triglycerides
Insoluble polymers of glucose that can be depolymerized and used rapidly to supply the cells energy needs
Glycogen
Interspersed in this lipid film are large globular protein molecules
Lipid bilayer
The phosphate end of phospholipids is?
Hydrophilic
Fatty acids portion of phospholipids is?
Hydrophobic
Steroid nucleus is highly fat soluble
Help maintain the permeability of the bilayer to water soluble constituents of body fluid
Controls much of the fluidity of the membrane as well
Cholesterol molecules
Two types of cell membrane proteins
Integrals protein
Peripheral protein
Cell membrane protein that Protude all the way through membrane
Integral protein
Cell membrane protein that are attached only to the surface of the membrane and do not penetrate all the way through
Peripheral protein
Transport substances in the direction opposite to their electrochemical gradients for diffusion
Active transport
Function of integral protein
Acts as carrier protein
Serves as receptors for water soluble chemicals
Function almost entirely as enzymes or as controllers of transport of substances through the cell membrane “pores”
Peripheral protein
Mainly carbohydrates substances bound to small protein cores loosely attached to the outer surface of the cell.
Proteoglycans
Several important function of carbohydrates moieties
Network of tubular flat vesicular structure
ER
Function for the synthesis of lipid substances and for the processes of cells promoted by intrareticular enzymes
Agranular reticulum
Small transport vesicle
Golgi apparatus
Contains large quantities of dissolved enzymes that are necessary for extracting energy from nutrient
Matrix
Small pits on the outer surface of cell membrane
Coated pits
occurs continually in the cell
membranes of most cells, but it is especially rapid in some
cells.
Pinocytosis
means ingestion of minute particles that form
vesicles of extracellular fluid and particulate constituents
inside the cell cytoplasm.
Pinocytosis
means ingestion
of large particles, such as bacteria, whole cells, or portions
of degenerating tissue.
Phagocytosis
latticework of fibrillar protein
called ,
clathrin
is formed inside
the cell cytoplasm in which the vesicular hydrolases
begin hydrolyzing the proteins, carbohydrates, lipids,
and other substances in the vesicle
digestive vesicle
cell is
completely removed and a new cell of the same type ordinarily is formed by mitotic reproduction of an adjacent
cell to take the place of the old one.
Autolysis
, which dissolves the bacterial cell membrane;
lysozyme
, which
binds iron and other substances before they can promote
bacterial growth;
lysoferrin
continually break away from the
smooth reticulum; most of these vesicles then migrate
rapidly to the Golgi apparatus
ER vesicles or transport vesicles
functions of the endoplasmic reticulum,
especially the smooth reticulum
- It provides the enzymes that control glycogen breakdown when glycogen is to be used for energy.
- It provides a vast number of enzymes that are capable
of detoxifying substances,
hyaluronic acid and chondroitin sulfate is form by what?
Golgi apparatus
containing protein substances that are
to be secreted through the surface of the cell membrane.
secretory vesicles
is stimulated by the entry of calcium ions into the
cell;
Exocytosis
ATP is a nucleotide composed of
(1) the nitrogenous base
adenine
, (2) the pentose sugar ribose, and
(3) three phosphate radicals
In citric acid cycle, the ACETYL COA is split into 2 compartment parts
Hydrogen atoms
Carbon dioxide
Protudes like knobs from the membranes of the mitochondrion shelves
ATP synthetase
Overall process for formation of ATP
chemiosmotic mechanism
Uses of ATP for cellular function
Energy from ATP is used to promote three major categories of cellular function
The most important type of movement that occurs in the body
Muscle cells in skeletal
Cardiac and smooth muscle
Projects far out away from the cell body and partially secures itself in new tissue area.
Pseudopodium
Projects far out away from the cell body and partially secures itself in new tissue area.
Pseudopodium
The most common cells to exhibit ameboid locomotion in human body
White blood cells
The most common initiator of ameboid locomotion
Chemotaxis
Whip-like movement of cilia on the surface of cells
Ciliary movement
Movement of flagellum in sperm
quasi-sinusoidal
Total complex of tubules and cross linkages
Axoneme
Has ATPase enzymatic activity project from each double tubule towards an adjacent tubule
Protein dynein
