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Physiology > Chapter 2 The Cells And Its Function > Flashcards

Chapter 2 The Cells And Its Function Flashcards

1
Q

Two major parts of the cell

A

Nucleus
Cytoplasm

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2
Q

The different substances that make up the cell

A

Protoplasm

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3
Q

Components of protoplasm

A

Water
Electrolytes
Proteins
Lipids
carbohydrates

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4
Q

The principal fluid medium of the cell,
which is present in most cells

A

water

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5
Q

water is present in most cells except

A

Fat cells in a concentration of 70-85 percent

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6
Q

Important ions in the cell include

A

potassium
magnesium
phosphate
Sulfate
bicarbonate
And smaller quantities of sodium, chloride, and calcium

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7
Q

provide inorganic chemicals for cellular reactions. Also, they are necessary for operation of some of
the cellular control mechanisms

A

Ions

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8
Q

ions acting at the cell membrane are required for transmission of what?

A

electrochemical impulses in nerve and muscle fibers.

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9
Q

Percent constitute of protein in a cell mass

A

10-20 percent

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10
Q

are present in the cell mainly in the
form of long filaments that are polymers of many individual
protein molecules.

A

Structural proteins

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11
Q

are found especially in the
collagen and elastin fibers of connective tissue and in blood
vessel walls, tendons, ligaments, and so forth.

A

fibrillar proteins

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12
Q

are an entirely different type
of protein, usually composed of combinations of a few
molecules in tubular-globular form.
This protein are mainly enzymes of the cells

A

functional proteins

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13
Q

Are often mobile mobile in the cell fluid

A

Fibrillar protein

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14
Q

Mainly insoluble in water and therefore are used to form the cell membrane a d intracellular membrane barriers

A

Phospholipids and cholesterol

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15
Q

Often account for as much as 95 percent of the cell mass

A

Triglycerides

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16
Q

Insoluble polymers of glucose that can be depolymerized and used rapidly to supply the cells energy needs

A

Glycogen

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17
Q

Interspersed in this lipid film are large globular protein molecules

A

Lipid bilayer

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18
Q

The phosphate end of phospholipids is?

A

Hydrophilic

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19
Q

Fatty acids portion of phospholipids is?

A

Hydrophobic

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20
Q

Steroid nucleus is highly fat soluble
Help maintain the permeability of the bilayer to water soluble constituents of body fluid
Controls much of the fluidity of the membrane as well

A

Cholesterol molecules

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21
Q

Two types of cell membrane proteins

A

Integrals protein
Peripheral protein

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22
Q

Cell membrane protein that Protude all the way through membrane

A

Integral protein

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23
Q

Cell membrane protein that are attached only to the surface of the membrane and do not penetrate all the way through

A

Peripheral protein

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24
Q

Transport substances in the direction opposite to their electrochemical gradients for diffusion

A

Active transport

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25
Q

Function of integral protein

A

Acts as carrier protein
Serves as receptors for water soluble chemicals

26
Q

Function almost entirely as enzymes or as controllers of transport of substances through the cell membrane “pores”

A

Peripheral protein

27
Q

Mainly carbohydrates substances bound to small protein cores loosely attached to the outer surface of the cell.

A

Proteoglycans

28
Q

Several important function of carbohydrates moieties

A
29
Q

Network of tubular flat vesicular structure

A

ER

30
Q

Function for the synthesis of lipid substances and for the processes of cells promoted by intrareticular enzymes

A

Agranular reticulum

31
Q

Small transport vesicle

A

Golgi apparatus

32
Q

Contains large quantities of dissolved enzymes that are necessary for extracting energy from nutrient

A

Matrix

33
Q

Small pits on the outer surface of cell membrane

A

Coated pits

34
Q

occurs continually in the cell
membranes of most cells, but it is especially rapid in some
cells.

A

Pinocytosis

35
Q

means ingestion of minute particles that form
vesicles of extracellular fluid and particulate constituents
inside the cell cytoplasm.

A

Pinocytosis

36
Q

means ingestion
of large particles, such as bacteria, whole cells, or portions
of degenerating tissue.

A

Phagocytosis

37
Q

latticework of fibrillar protein
called ,

A

clathrin

38
Q

is formed inside
the cell cytoplasm in which the vesicular hydrolases
begin hydrolyzing the proteins, carbohydrates, lipids,
and other substances in the vesicle

A

digestive vesicle

39
Q

cell is
completely removed and a new cell of the same type ordinarily is formed by mitotic reproduction of an adjacent
cell to take the place of the old one.

A

Autolysis

40
Q

, which dissolves the bacterial cell membrane;

A

lysozyme

41
Q

, which
binds iron and other substances before they can promote
bacterial growth;

A

lysoferrin

42
Q

continually break away from the
smooth reticulum; most of these vesicles then migrate
rapidly to the Golgi apparatus

A

ER vesicles or transport vesicles

43
Q

functions of the endoplasmic reticulum,
especially the smooth reticulum

A
  1. It provides the enzymes that control glycogen breakdown when glycogen is to be used for energy.
  2. It provides a vast number of enzymes that are capable
    of detoxifying substances,
44
Q

hyaluronic acid and chondroitin sulfate is form by what?

A

Golgi apparatus

45
Q

containing protein substances that are
to be secreted through the surface of the cell membrane.

A

secretory vesicles

46
Q

is stimulated by the entry of calcium ions into the
cell;

A

Exocytosis

47
Q

ATP is a nucleotide composed of

A

(1) the nitrogenous base
adenine
, (2) the pentose sugar ribose, and
(3) three phosphate radicals

48
Q

In citric acid cycle, the ACETYL COA is split into 2 compartment parts

A

Hydrogen atoms
Carbon dioxide

49
Q

Protudes like knobs from the membranes of the mitochondrion shelves

A

ATP synthetase

50
Q

Overall process for formation of ATP

A

chemiosmotic mechanism

51
Q

Uses of ATP for cellular function

A
52
Q

Energy from ATP is used to promote three major categories of cellular function

A
53
Q

The most important type of movement that occurs in the body

A

Muscle cells in skeletal
Cardiac and smooth muscle

54
Q

Projects far out away from the cell body and partially secures itself in new tissue area.

A

Pseudopodium

55
Q

Projects far out away from the cell body and partially secures itself in new tissue area.

A

Pseudopodium

56
Q

The most common cells to exhibit ameboid locomotion in human body

A

White blood cells

57
Q

The most common initiator of ameboid locomotion

A

Chemotaxis

58
Q

Whip-like movement of cilia on the surface of cells

A

Ciliary movement

59
Q

Movement of flagellum in sperm

A

quasi-sinusoidal

60
Q

Total complex of tubules and cross linkages

A

Axoneme

61
Q

Has ATPase enzymatic activity project from each double tubule towards an adjacent tubule

A

Protein dynein

Physiology (4 decks)

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