Chapter 1

Question 1

. is in constant motion throughout the body. It is transported rapidly in the circulating blood and then mixed between the blood and the tissue fluids by diffusion through the capillary walls.

Answer 1

extracellular fluid

Question 2

are the ions and nutrients
needed by the cells to maintain cell life.

Answer 2

Extracellular fluid

Question 3

also called the internal environment of the body, or the milieu intérieur,

Answer 3

Extracellular fluid

Question 4

The extracellular fluid contains what?

Answer 4

large amounts of sodium
Chloride
bicarbonate ions
plus nutrients for the cells such as oxygen, glucose, fatty acids, and amino acids. And contains carbon dioxide

Question 5

Intracellular fluid contains what?

Answer 5

Potassium
Magnesium
Phosphate ions

Question 6

control cell function by determining which substances are synthesized within the cell—which structures,
which enzymes, which chemicals.

Answer 6

Genes

Question 7

automatically controls the formation of another nucleic acid, RNA
.

Answer 7

DNA

Question 8

spreads throughout the cell to control
the formation of a specific protein.

Answer 8

RNA

Question 9

;The entire process, from transcription of the genetic code in the nucleus to translation of the RNA code and formation or proteins in the cell cytoplasm

.

Answer 9

Gene expression

Question 10

promote all the oxidative reactions that supply energy to the cell, and they promote synthesis of all the cell chemicals, such as lipids, glycogen, and adenosine triphosphate (ATP).

Answer 10

enzymes

Question 11

are too
large to readily pass through the capillaries.

Answer 11

Plasma protein molecules

Question 12

are permeable
to most molecules in the plasma of the blood

Answer 12

walls of the capillaries

Question 13

Where do the blood picks up oxygen

Answer 13

Alveoli

Question 14

Membrane between alveoli and the lumen of the pulmonary capillaries.
O. 4 to 2.0 micrometers thick and oxygen rapidly diffuses by molecular motion through this membrane into the blood.

Answer 14

Alveolar membrane

Question 15

Here different dissolved nutrients,
including carbohydrates, fatty acids, and amino acids, are
absorbed from the ingested food into the extracellular fluid of the blood.

Answer 15

Gastrointestinal tract

Question 16

changes the chemical compositions of many of these substances from GI tract to more usable forms.
also eliminates certain waste products produced
in the body and toxic substances that are ingested.

Answer 16

liver

Question 17

How does the musculoskeletal system contribute to homeostasis?

Answer 17

Were it not for the muscles, the body
could not move to the appropriate place at the appropriate time to obtain the foods required for nutrition. The
musculoskeletal system also provides motility for protection against adverse surroundings, without which
the entire body, along with its homeostatic mechanisms,
could be destroyed instantaneously

Question 18

is
the most abundant of all the end products of metabolism

Answer 18

Carbon dioxide

Question 19

Passage of the blood through this organ
removes from the plasma most of the other substances
besides carbon dioxide that are not needed by the cells.

Answer 19

kidneys

Question 20

Substances that the kidneys removes from the plasma

Answer 20

Urea
Uric acid
Excess of ions and water from food

Question 21

reabsorbed poorly and pass through the renal tubules into
the urine.

Answer 21

Urea

Question 22

detoxify or remove many drugs and chemicals that are
ingested. Also secretes many of these wastes into the
bile to be eventually eliminated in the feces

Answer 22

liver

Question 23

three major parts nervous system

Answer 23

sensory input portion,
central
nervous system (or integrative portion), motor output portion

Question 24

detect the state of the body
or the state of the surroundings.

Answer 24

Sensory receptors

Question 25

Composed of brain and spinal cord

Answer 25

CNS

Question 26

Portion of the nervous system that carry out one’s desires.

Answer 26

motor output portion

Question 27

important segment of the nervous system . It operates at a subconscious level and controls many functions of the internal organs, including the level of pumping activity by the heart, movements of the gastrointestinal tract, and secretion by many of the body’s glands.

Answer 27

autonomic system

Question 28

Located in the body are eight major endocrine glands that secrete chemical substances called hormones.

Answer 28

Hormone Systems

Question 29

are transported in the extracellular fluid to all parts of the body to help regulate cellular function.

Answer 29

Hormones

Question 30

increases the rates of most chemical reactions in all cells, thus helping to set the tempo of bodily activity.

Answer 30

thyroid hormone

Question 31

controls glucose metabolism

Answer 31

Insulin

Question 32

control sodium ion, potassium ion, and protein metabolism

Answer 32

adrenocortical hormones

Question 33

controls bone calcium and phosphate.

Answer 33

Parathyroid hormone

Question 34

regulates many muscular and secretory activities of the body

Answer 34

Nervous system

Question 35

regulates many metabolic functions.

Answer 35

hormonal system

Question 36

consists of the white blood cells, tissue cells derived from white blood cells, the thymus, lymph nodes, and lymph vessels that protect the body from pathogens such as bacteria, viruses, parasites, and fungi.

Answer 36

Immune system

Question 37

Mechanism of WBC

Answer 37

1) distinguish its own cells from foreign cells and substances (2) destroy the invader by phagocytosis or by producing sensitized lymphocytes or specialized proteins (e.g., antibodies) that either destroy or neutralize the invader.

Question 38

is also important for temperature regulation and excretion of wastes and it provides a sensory interface between the body and the external environment.

Answer 38

integumentary system

Question 39

The skin generally comprises about how many percent of body weight

Answer 39

12 to 15 percent

Question 40

The most intricate control system that operate in all cells to help control intracellular function and extracellular functions.

Answer 40

genetic control systems

Question 41

, regulates the concentration of carbon dioxide in the extracellular fluid.

Answer 41

respiratory system and nervous system

Question 42

regulate the concentration of glucose in the extracellular fluid

Answer 42

The liver and pancreas

Question 43

Regulated concentrations of hydrogen, sodium, potassium, phosphate, and other ions in the extracellular fluid.

Answer 43

kidneys

Question 44

major substances required for chemical reactions in the cells

Answer 44

Oxygen

Question 45

control mechanism to maintain an almost exact and constant oxygen concentration in the extracellular fluid. It combines with oxygen as a blood passes through the lungs

Answer 45

Hemoglobin

Question 46

Discuss the oxygen buffering function of hemoglobin

Answer 46

as the blood passes through the tissue capillaries, hemoglobin, because of its own strong chemical affinity for oxygen, does not release oxygen into the tissue fluid if too much oxygen is already there. But if the oxygen concentration in the tissue fluid is too low, sufficient oxygen is released to re-establish an adequate concentration.

Question 47

major end product of the oxidative reactions in cells

Answer 47

Carbon dioxide

Question 48

Fortunately, a higher than normal carbon dioxide concentration in the blood excites the respiratory center, causing a person to what ?

Answer 48

breathe rapidly and deeply

Question 49

In the walls of the bifurcation region of the carotid arteries in the neck, and also in the arch of the aorta in the thorax, are many nerve receptors called what? which are stimulated by stretch of the arterial wall.

Answer 49

Baroreceptors

Question 50

When the arterial pressure rises too high, the baroreceptors send what?

Answer 50

barrages of nerve impulses to the medulla of the brain

Question 51

What will happen if potassium ion concentration decreases to less than one-third normal

Answer 51

a person is likely to be paralyzed as a result of the nerves’ inability to carry signals.

Question 52

What will happen if the potassium ion concentration increases to two or more times normal,

Answer 52

the heart muscle is likely to be severely depressed

Question 53

When calcium ion concentration falls below about one-half normal what will happen to a person?

Answer 53

a person is likely to experience tetanic contraction of muscles throughout the body

Question 54

When the glucose concentration falls below onehalf normal what will happen to a person?

Answer 54

a person frequently develops extreme mental irritability and sometimes even convulsions.

Question 55

a high concentration of carbon dioxide in the extracellular fluid increases what?

Answer 55

pulmonary ventilation

Question 56

, which consists of a series of changes that return the factor toward a certain mean value, thus maintaining homeostasis.

Answer 56

negative feedback

Question 57

better known as a “vicious cycle,”

Answer 57

Positive feedback

Question 58

Instances where positive feedback can sometimes be useful

Answer 58

Blood clotting Childbirth Generation of nerve signals

Question 59

The brain uses this principle to cause required muscle contraction

Answer 59

Feed forward control

Question 60

Delayed negative feedback

Answer 60

Adaptive control