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Cell Biology > Chapter 2: The Cell > Flashcards

Chapter 2: The Cell Flashcards

1
Q

What is a eukaryotic cell?

A

A cell which contains a nucleus and many membrane-bound organelles (animals and plants)

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2
Q

What is a prokaryotic cell?

A

A cell with no nucleus or membrane-bound organelles (bacteria and archaebacteria)

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3
Q

What organelles do animal cells not have but plant cells do have?

A

chloroplast, central vacuole, and cell wall

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4
Q

What do all cells have?

A

cytoplasm
plasma membrane
Ribosomes
DNA

All cells contain CPRD

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5
Q

What is another shared trait of plant cells and prokaryotic cells?

A

They both have a cell wall

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6
Q

Which type of cell is smaller?

A

Prokaryotic cells are smaller (1-10 um)
eukaryotic (10-100 um)

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7
Q

Is a virus a living thing?

A

No

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8
Q

What is a virus?

A

A viral genome covered in a protective coat

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9
Q

What is the viral genome?

A

single or double-stranded DNA or RNA
* linear or circular

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10
Q

What is the protective coat of viruses made of?

A

capsid which are comprised of capsomeres

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11
Q

What is the envelope? (found in some viruses)

A

A membrane that covers the capsid stolen from the host membrane

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12
Q

What does the virus envelope contain?

A

viral proteins and glycoproteins

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13
Q

Why are viruses obligate intracellular parasites?

A

They can only reproduce withing a host cell as they lack enzymes and ribsomes

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14
Q

Why are viruses host-specific?

A

They have proteins that detect certain types of cells

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15
Q

How are biological memebranes formed?

A

2 layers of phospholipids
(double phospholipid layer)

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16
Q

What are the purposes of a biological membrane?

A
  • Form a selectively permeable barrier (controls what comes in and out of the cell)
  • Create different environments within the cell (compartmentalization)
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17
Q

What is the Endomembrane system?

A
  • The combination of organelles within the cell
  • They are interrelated by physical contact or indirectly through vesicles
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18
Q

What is the nucleus?

A

A membrane-bound organelle which contains DNA

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19
Q

What happens in the nucleus?

A
  • DNA replicates itself using DNA polymerase
  • RNA is transcribed using RNA polymerase
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20
Q

What is the nuclear envelope?

A

a double phospholipid bilayer which creates nuclear pores

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21
Q

What maintains the shape of the nuclear envelope?

A

nuclear lamina (network of proteins)

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22
Q

What is the nucleolus?

A

The site of rRNA synthesis

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23
Q

Where in the Endoplasmic reticulum?

A

Attached to the nucleus

24
Q

What does the smooth ER do?

A
  • synthesize lipids (steroids)
  • metabolize carbohydrates
  • store Ca^2+ in muscle cells
  • Drug and poison detox
25
What does the rough ER do?
- synthesis of secreted proteins and proteins destined for insertion into the plasma membrane - produces membrane for its own structure and other membranes in the endomembrane system
26
What is the function of ribosomes?
synthesize proteins
27
What are ribosomes made of?
rRNA and ribosomal proteins
28
What are the two types of ribosomes?
1. Free ribosomes (cytosolic proteins) 2. Bound ribosomes (membrane-bound and secreted proteins)
29
What is the role of the Golgi apparatus?
important for sorting, modifying and packaging proteins (shipping and receiving dep. of the cell)
30
How are proteins modified within the golgi?
adding or removing glycoproteins
31
How are proteins or lipids transported?
membrane-bound sacs called transport vesicles
32
What are lysosomes?
Membrane-enclosed sac of hydrolytic enzymes and very acidic pH (4.5 - 5) 1. Carries out intracellular digestion: * Lysosome fuses with a food vacuole which was produced during phagocytosis (process by which cell engulfs a food particle) 2. Digests damaged organelles & macromolecules (autophagy) and releases any monomers for recycling
33
Why do lysosomes break down and destroy things?
- to protect the cell - regular maintenance - to recycle intracellular components
34
What is phagocytosis?
The destruction of things external to the cell by the lysosome
35
What is autophagy?
The destruction of things internal to the cell by the lysosome
36
What are the 3 types of vacuoles?
- food - contractile - central
37
What does the food vacuole do?
digestion in protozoa (animals)
38
What does the central vacuole do?
- stores nutrients/waste - sequesters harmful components - maintains pressure within the cell (plant cells)
38
What does the contractile vacuole do?
Pumps out extra water from the cell for osmoregulation
39
What is the mitochondria?
The powerhouse of the cell - the site of cellular respiration - produces ATP in the presence of oxygen
40
If a cell requires more energy will it have more or less mitochondria?
more
41
What is the structure of mitochondria?
- double phospholipid bilayer - outer layer is smooth and highly permeable - inner layer is foleded into cristae
42
Why is the inner space of the mitochondria folded into cristae?
it contains enzymes involved in cellular respiration
43
What is the inner mitochondrial space called and what is inside of it?
The matrix contains: - DNA - Enzymes - Ribosomes
44
What is the chloroplast?
The site of photosynthesis in plants and algae
45
What is the structure of the chloroplast?
- double phospholipid bilayer - The inner layer surrounds the stroma - stroma contains thylakoids - thylakoids contain chlorophyll - thylakoids are stacked into grana (singular = granum)
46
What is the role of peroxisomes?
To detoxify the cell
47
What is the structure of peroxisomes?
- single phospholipid bilayer - contains oxidative enzymes
48
What is the role of peroxisomes in animals?
Contain enzymes that carry out detoxification reactions (ex. alcohol detoxification). * Contain enzymes for the breakdown of fatty acids which serve as fuel for cellular respiration.
49
What is the role of peroxisomes in plants?
Specialized peroxisomes called glyoxysomes contain enzymes for the breakdown of stored fats in germinating seeds
50
What is the cytoskeleton?
* The cell’s skeleton * A dynamic network of protein fibers found in the cytoplasm
51
What are the three types of fibers in the cytoskeleton?
1. Microtubules: thickest 2. Microfilaments(Actin): thinnest 3. Intermediate filaments: intermediate
52
What is the role of mircrofilaments(thinnest) ?
* Solid rods, constructed from actin 1. Maintain cell shape 2. Muscle contraction * Actin filaments slide along myosin filaments 3. Cell motility (pseudopodia formation during phagocytosis) 4. Cell division 5. Cytoplasmic streaming * Move fluid throughout the cell to circulate its contents
53
What is the role of intermediate filaments?
Diverse class of proteins, depending on cell type * Contain keratin * Reinforce cell shape * Fix organelle location * Gives the nucleus shape and rigidity as part of the nuclear lamina
54
What is the purpose of the cell wall?
- Maintain cell shape (it is rigid) - Prevent excess water uptake
55
What is the composition of the cell wall?
- Bacteria: peptidoglycan - Plants: cellulose - Fungi: chitin - Protists (algae): cellulose
57
What is the role of microtubules
- Maintenance of cell shape - Cell motility (cilia or flagella) - Chromosome movement during cell division - Organelle movements

Cell Biology (6 decks)

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