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Psychology 1000 > Chapter 2: The Biology of Behavior > Flashcards

Chapter 2: The Biology of Behavior Flashcards

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1
Q

Cells in the Brain

Neuron & Glial Cells

A

-Neuron: nerve cells: transmits information through electrical and chemical signals

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2
Q

Parts of a Neuron

A
  • cell body
  • dendrite
  • axon
  • mylien sheath
  • axon terminal
  • neurotransmitters
  • synapse
  • reuptake
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3
Q

Action Potential

A

-neural impulse; a brief electrical charge that travels down an axon

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4
Q

Dendrites

A
  • receives information from other neurons

- bushy, finger like structure

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5
Q

Axon

A

-long thin fiber that transmits signals away from the neuron

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6
Q

Myelin Sheath

A
  • fatty substance around axons

- speeds up transmission of signals along axon

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7
Q

Axon Terminal

A
  • small knobs that secrete chemical messengers called neurotransmitters
  • usually at the end of the axon
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8
Q

Synapse

A

-gap or space between two neurons

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9
Q

Neurotransmitters

A

-are chemicals used to sent a signal across the synaptic gap

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10
Q

Reuptake

A
  • recycles neurotransmitters
  • after the neurotransmitter stimulate the receptors on the receiving neuron the chemicals are taken back up through the sending neuron to be used again
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11
Q

Neurotransmitters & their Functions

A
  • Endorphins: elevate mood ease poing
  • Dopamine: movement, learning, attention, and emotion (Parkinsons)
  • Serotonin: mood & arousal
  • Norepinephrine: alterness & arousal
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12
Q

Central Nervous System (CNS)

A
  • The brain and spinal cord

- body’s design maker

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13
Q

Peripheral Nervous System (PNS)

A
  • Sensory and motor neurons connect the CNS to the body

- responsible for gathering information and transmitting CNS decisions (NERVES)

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14
Q

Nerves

A

Bundled axon that link the CNS with muscles, and glands

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15
Q

Types of Neurons

A
  • Sensory: receive information take to brain and spinal cord
  • Motor: carry instructions from CNS to the muscles
  • Interneurons: process information from sensory input to motor input
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16
Q

Central Nervous System (CNS)

A

-brain
-spinal cord: connects PNS and brain
-neural networks: clusters of neurons
simple reflexes

17
Q

What are the two components of The Peripheral Nervous System and what do they do?

A
  • Somatic Nervous System: controls voluntary movements

- Autonomic Nervous System: controls automatic and involuntary functions

18
Q

What does The Endocrine System do?

A
  • uses hormones to transmit messages through the bloodstream
  • endocrine system and nervous system are close
  • both produce molecules that act on receptors
19
Q

The Endocrine Glands

A

-secrete into bloodstream that target specific organs

20
Q

The Brainstem

A
  • Brainsteam: connects spinal cord to brain
  • Medulla: controls heartbeat, breathing, and blood pressure
  • Reticular formation: nerve network enables arousal
  • Cerebellum: coordinates voluntary movement
21
Q

The Thalamus

A
  • sensory switch board
  • all sensory messages (except smell) are routed through the thalamus
  • messages cross over from one side to the opposite side of the brain
22
Q

The Limbic System

A
  • Hypothalamus
  • Hippocampus
    • processes episodic memories
  • Amygdala
    • helps process emotions (fear, aggression)
23
Q

The Hypothalamus

A
  • below (‘hypo’) the thalamus
  • regulates body temperature
  • ensures adequate food and water intake (homeostasis)
  • involved in sex drive
  • directs endocrine system via messages to pituitary gland
24
Q

Hippocampus

A
  • forms new memories
  • consolidates and stores memories
  • damage and difficulty forming new memories
25
Q

Amygdala

A
  • generates emotional process and reactions
  • helps form emotional memories
  • attaches significance to events associated with fear, punishment, or reward
26
Q

The Cerebrum & Cerebral Cortex

A
  • Cerebrum: 2 hemispheres (L & R)
  • Cerebral Cortex: A layer that covers both R & L hemispheres
  • interconnected neural cells
27
Q

Cerebral Cortex Lobes

A
  • Frontal lobes: speaking and muscle movements: (Motor Cortex)
  • Parietal lobes: mathematical and spatial reasoning (Sensory Cortex)
  • Temporal lobes: auditory processing (Auditory Cortex)
  • Occipital lobes: receives visual information (Vision Cortex)
28
Q

Plasticity

A
  • if brain is damaged can’t usually Repair but can Reorganize some functions
  • forms new connections, reorganize, and reassign brain areas
  • Neurogenesis: brain’s attempt to self-repair found in animals only
29
Q

Cerebral Hemispheres

A
  • brain is separated into 2 hemispheres
  • control the opposite side of the body (contralateral control)
  • connected by corpus callous
  • functionally symmetrical (motor/sensory cortex)
  • speciallized abilities
30
Q

Specialization of Brains Left Hemispheres

A
  • left - language = logic
  • understanding spoken language, sign language, and written language
  • speech
  • math calculation (logic)
31
Q

Specialization of Right Brain Hemispheres

A
  • spatial and perceptual abilities
  • interpretation of non-verbal stimuli (art, music)
  • face recognition
  • self- awareness (left neglect)
32
Q

Separating the Hemispheres

A
  • each hemisphere controls opposite side (aware of visual field)
  • without corpus callous halves of the body and visual field don’t work together
  • left hemisphere has enough verbal ability
33
Q

Genes: Building blocks of heredity

A
  • ability to direct the assembly of proteins that build the body
  • active (expressed) or inactive
  • turned on and off by environment
34
Q

Human Genome

A
  • Genome: organisms entire collection of genes
  • nearly identical
  • tiny genetic difference make a difference
    • 0.5-4% (Chimp)
    • 50% (Bananas)
35
Q

Fraternal and Identical Twins

A
  • fraternal “twins” from separate eggs
  • Identical Twins develop from single fertilized eggs splits in two (same sex only)
  • Fraternal Twins develop form two separate fertilized eggs (same or opposite sex)
36
Q

Interaction of Genes and Environment

A
  • Gene- Environment Interaction: genes turn each other on/off response to environmental conditions
  • Epigenetic: environment acts on the surface of genes to alter their activity
37
Q

Sensory (Somatosensory) Cortex

A
  • located at the front end of the Parietal lobe
  • registers and processes body touch and movements sensations
  • larger areas devoted to more sensitive body areas (e.g. lips)
38
Q

Motor Cortex

A
  • located at the back of the Frontal lobe next to the Parietal lobe
  • represents body parts opposite side
  • larger areas devoted to body ares requiring precise control

Psychology 1000 (3 decks)

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