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Psychology > Chapter 2 - The Biological Perspective > Flashcards

Chapter 2 - The Biological Perspective Flashcards

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1
Q

What is neuroscience?

A

relationship of neurons, nerves, and nervous tissue to behavior and learning

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2
Q

What is the subfield associated with neuroscience?

A

biopsychology and neuroscience perspective

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3
Q

What does neuroscience assume?

A

abnormal behavior is biological

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4
Q

What do neurologists look at?

A

neurotransmitters, neurons firing, structural damage to the brain

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5
Q

The nervous system breaks down into what two categories?

A

central nervous system and peripheral nervous system

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6
Q

The peripheral nervous system breaks down into what two categories?

A

autonomic nervous system and somatic nervous system

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7
Q

The autonomic nervous system breaks down into what two categories?

A

sympathetic and parasympathetic

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8
Q

What is the autonomic nervous system?

A

automatic and voluntary

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9
Q

What is the sympathetic nervous system?

A

fight-or-flight system

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10
Q

What response is controlled by the sympathetic nervous system?

A

fight or flight

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11
Q

What is the parasympathetic nervous system?

A

the parasympathetic nervous system deals with the controls and digest aka homeostasis

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12
Q

What does the central nervous system break down into?

A

brain and spinal cord

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13
Q

What does the brain do?

A

interpret and stores info and sends orders to the rest of the body

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14
Q

What does the spinal cord do?

A

connects to the brain and peripheral system

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15
Q

What are neurons?

A

nerve cells that are responsible for sending and receiving messages through nerve impulses

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16
Q

What are dendrites?

A

they receive messages from other neurons (like branches)

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17
Q

What is soma?

A

the soma is the cell body of a neuron that contains the nucleus and maintains the life of the cell

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18
Q

What is the axon?

A

the carries the neural message (the long tail) aka the information highway

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19
Q

What is the myelin sheath?

A

fatty layer surrounding the axon and insulates/squeezes to conduct electricity better

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20
Q

What are glial cells?

A

grey fatty cells that provide support for neuron growth, deliver nutrients to the neurons

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21
Q

What produces the myelin sheath?

A

glial cells

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22
Q

What disorder does the breakdown of myelin lead to?

A

multiple sclerosis (MS)

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23
Q

What is multiple sclerosis (MS)?

A

people with jerky movements because the neural impulses are not going where they should be (breakdown of myelin sheath)

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24
Q

What is the charge inside the neuron?

A

negative

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25
Q

What is the charge outside the neuron?

A

positive

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26
Q

What happens during an action potential?

A

positively charged ions start to flow in and neurons want to get back to a negative state after overcoming threshold

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27
Q

What is depolarization?

A

positive ions go in, negative ions go out, the charge is temporarily different

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28
Q

What is the resting potential?

A

state of neuron when it is not firing electrical impulses (negative inside)

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29
Q

Where does the all-or-nothing law happen?

A

during the action potential in a neuron

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30
Q

What is the all-or-nothing law?

A

it is the idea that once an impulse is sent, it can’t be taken back

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31
Q

What are axon terminals?

A

branches at the end of the axon

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32
Q

What is the synaptic knob?

A

rounded areas on the end of axon terminals

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33
Q

What are synaptic vesicles?

A

contain neurotransmitters

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34
Q

Where are synaptic vesicles located?

A

synaptic knob

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35
Q

What are receptor sites?

A

holes int he surface of dendrites of muscles and glands that only fit certain neurotransmitters

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36
Q

What is the hormone acetylcholine used for?

A

memory (excitatory or inhibitory)

37
Q

What is the hormone serotonin used for?

A

aids in sleep (inhibitory) and the feel-good mood (excitatory)

38
Q

What can little serotonin cause?

A

depression and anxiety

39
Q

What drugs inhibit serotonin uptake?

A

SSRIs

40
Q

What is the hormone GABA used for?

A

sleep

41
Q

What is the hormone glutamate used for?

A

learning and memory (stronger pathways the more you learn, excitatory)

42
Q

What does glutamate create in your brain?

A

grooves

43
Q

What does the hormone norepinephrine do?

A

treats depression and anxiety via mood and arousal (excitatory)

44
Q

What does the hormone dopamine do?

A

addictive pleasure-seeking

45
Q

What does a low level of dopamine cause?

A

Parkinson’s disease

46
Q

What does too much dopamine cause?

A

schizophrenia and addiction

47
Q

What is manic behavior linked with always?

A

bipolar disorder

48
Q

What does the hormone endorphin do?

A

involved in pain relief and keeps you from going into shock

49
Q

What is a reuptake?

A

neurotransmitters are taken back into synaptic vesicles to clean up the area

50
Q

In the central nervous system, what are the three neurons

A

sensory, motor, and interneurons

51
Q

What is the other name of the sensory neuron?

A

afferent neuron

52
Q

What are sensory neurons?

A

processes info from the senses

53
Q

What is the other name of the motor neuron?

A

efferent neuron

54
Q

What is the purpose of motor neurons?

A

messages from CNS to muscles

55
Q

What is an interneuron?

A

found in the center of the spinal cord and is the middle man between afferent and efferent neuron

56
Q

What is the peripheral nervous system?

A

all nerves and neurons not contained in the brain/spinal cord

57
Q

What does the soma mean in greek?

A

body

58
Q

What is the somatic nervous system?

A

carry info from sense to CNS and from CNS to voluntary muscles of the body which includes sleeping

59
Q

What is the autonomic nervous system?

A

controls involuntary muscles, organs, and glands

60
Q

What are the hormone glands in the kidneys called?

A

adrenal glands

61
Q

What is the secondary source of sex hormones affecting sexual changes occurring during adolescence?

A

adrenal grands

62
Q

What is the stress hormone?

A

cortisol

63
Q

What bad thing does cortisol do?

A

plaque of artery walls leading to high bp, heart attack, stroke

64
Q

What else does cortisol do to neurons?

A

salt in the body

65
Q

What does the medulla do?

A

controls everything in the body by sending signals

66
Q

What does the pons do?

A

left-right body coordination, sleeping, dreaming, arousal

67
Q

What is the part of the brain that doesn’t have a backup?

A

medulla

68
Q

What does the cerebellum do?

A

aids in left-right coordination (like a bell), coordinates rapid, fine motor movements

69
Q

What does the reticular formation do?

A

selective attention

70
Q

What does the cortex do?

A

thin layer covering the brain

71
Q

What parts of the brain are in the limbic system?

A

hypothalamus, thalamus, amygdala, hippocampus

72
Q

What does the limbic system do?

A

learning, emotion, memory, motivation

73
Q

What is another name for the limbic system?

A

old brain or primitive brain

74
Q

What does the thalamus do?

A

like a train station, relays sensory information from the lower part of the brain to the proper part of the cortex

75
Q

What does the hypothalamus do?

A

Motivational behavior such as sleep, hunger, thirst, and sex

76
Q

What does the hippocampus do?

A

long-term memories, storage of memory for the location of objects

77
Q

What does the amygdala do?

A

fear responses/memory of fear, involved in specific memories, kicks in when we have a fearful memory or fear response

78
Q

What is the corpus callosum?

A

thick bands of neurons that connects the left and right side of the brain

79
Q

What is the disease caused by issues with the corpus callosum?

A

epilepsy and callosum

80
Q

What does the occipital lobe do?

A

processes visual info from eyes; identifies/makes sense of visual information

81
Q

What lobe is perception and what lobe is sensation?

A

perception is frontal and sensation is occipital

82
Q

What does the parietal lobe do?

A

centers for touch, taste, and temperature sensations

83
Q

What experiments are associated with the parietal lobe?

A

genie and the wild child

84
Q

What does the temporal lobe do?

A

Responsible for hearing and meaningful speech

85
Q

What disease is associated with the temporal lobe?

A

Wernicke’s aphasia

86
Q

What does the frontal lobe do?

A

Higher mental processes, decision making, production of fluent speech

87
Q

What disease is associated with the frontal lobe?

A

Broca’s aphasia

88
Q

What hemisphere is for language?

A

left

89
Q

What hemisphere is for emotions and facial recognition?

A

right

Psychology (3 decks)

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