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Psychology > Chapter 2 - The Biological Perspective > Flashcards

Chapter 2 - The Biological Perspective Flashcards

1
Q

What is neuroscience?

A

relationship of neurons, nerves, and nervous tissue to behavior and learning

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2
Q

What is the subfield associated with neuroscience?

A

biopsychology and neuroscience perspective

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3
Q

What does neuroscience assume?

A

abnormal behavior is biological

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4
Q

What do neurologists look at?

A

neurotransmitters, neurons firing, structural damage to the brain

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5
Q

The nervous system breaks down into what two categories?

A

central nervous system and peripheral nervous system

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6
Q

The peripheral nervous system breaks down into what two categories?

A

autonomic nervous system and somatic nervous system

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7
Q

The autonomic nervous system breaks down into what two categories?

A

sympathetic and parasympathetic

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8
Q

What is the autonomic nervous system?

A

automatic and voluntary

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9
Q

What is the sympathetic nervous system?

A

fight-or-flight system

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10
Q

What response is controlled by the sympathetic nervous system?

A

fight or flight

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11
Q

What is the parasympathetic nervous system?

A

the parasympathetic nervous system deals with the controls and digest aka homeostasis

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12
Q

What does the central nervous system break down into?

A

brain and spinal cord

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13
Q

What does the brain do?

A

interpret and stores info and sends orders to the rest of the body

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14
Q

What does the spinal cord do?

A

connects to the brain and peripheral system

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15
Q

What are neurons?

A

nerve cells that are responsible for sending and receiving messages through nerve impulses

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16
Q

What are dendrites?

A

they receive messages from other neurons (like branches)

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17
Q

What is soma?

A

the soma is the cell body of a neuron that contains the nucleus and maintains the life of the cell

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18
Q

What is the axon?

A

the carries the neural message (the long tail) aka the information highway

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19
Q

What is the myelin sheath?

A

fatty layer surrounding the axon and insulates/squeezes to conduct electricity better

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20
Q

What are glial cells?

A

grey fatty cells that provide support for neuron growth, deliver nutrients to the neurons

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21
Q

What produces the myelin sheath?

A

glial cells

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22
Q

What disorder does the breakdown of myelin lead to?

A

multiple sclerosis (MS)

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23
Q

What is multiple sclerosis (MS)?

A

people with jerky movements because the neural impulses are not going where they should be (breakdown of myelin sheath)

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24
Q

What is the charge inside the neuron?

A

negative

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25
What is the charge outside the neuron?
positive
26
What happens during an action potential?
positively charged ions start to flow in and neurons want to get back to a negative state after overcoming threshold
27
What is depolarization?
positive ions go in, negative ions go out, the charge is temporarily different
28
What is the resting potential?
state of neuron when it is not firing electrical impulses (negative inside)
29
Where does the all-or-nothing law happen?
during the action potential in a neuron
30
What is the all-or-nothing law?
it is the idea that once an impulse is sent, it can't be taken back
31
What are axon terminals?
branches at the end of the axon
32
What is the synaptic knob?
rounded areas on the end of axon terminals
33
What are synaptic vesicles?
contain neurotransmitters
34
Where are synaptic vesicles located?
synaptic knob
35
What are receptor sites?
holes int he surface of dendrites of muscles and glands that only fit certain neurotransmitters
36
What is the hormone acetylcholine used for?
memory (excitatory or inhibitory)
37
What is the hormone serotonin used for?
aids in sleep (inhibitory) and the feel-good mood (excitatory)
38
What can little serotonin cause?
depression and anxiety
39
What drugs inhibit serotonin uptake?
SSRIs
40
What is the hormone GABA used for?
sleep
41
What is the hormone glutamate used for?
learning and memory (stronger pathways the more you learn, excitatory)
42
What does glutamate create in your brain?
grooves
43
What does the hormone norepinephrine do?
treats depression and anxiety via mood and arousal (excitatory)
44
What does the hormone dopamine do?
addictive pleasure-seeking
45
What does a low level of dopamine cause?
Parkinson's disease
46
What does too much dopamine cause?
schizophrenia and addiction
47
What is manic behavior linked with always?
bipolar disorder
48
What does the hormone endorphin do?
involved in pain relief and keeps you from going into shock
49
What is a reuptake?
neurotransmitters are taken back into synaptic vesicles to clean up the area
50
In the central nervous system, what are the three neurons
sensory, motor, and interneurons
51
What is the other name of the sensory neuron?
afferent neuron
52
What are sensory neurons?
processes info from the senses
53
What is the other name of the motor neuron?
efferent neuron
54
What is the purpose of motor neurons?
messages from CNS to muscles
55
What is an interneuron?
found in the center of the spinal cord and is the middle man between afferent and efferent neuron
56
What is the peripheral nervous system?
all nerves and neurons not contained in the brain/spinal cord
57
What does the soma mean in greek?
body
58
What is the somatic nervous system?
carry info from sense to CNS and from CNS to voluntary muscles of the body which includes sleeping
59
What is the autonomic nervous system?
controls involuntary muscles, organs, and glands
60
What are the hormone glands in the kidneys called?
adrenal glands
61
What is the secondary source of sex hormones affecting sexual changes occurring during adolescence?
adrenal grands
62
What is the stress hormone?
cortisol
63
What bad thing does cortisol do?
plaque of artery walls leading to high bp, heart attack, stroke
64
What else does cortisol do to neurons?
salt in the body
65
What does the medulla do?
controls everything in the body by sending signals
66
What does the pons do?
left-right body coordination, sleeping, dreaming, arousal
67
What is the part of the brain that doesn't have a backup?
medulla
68
What does the cerebellum do?
aids in left-right coordination (like a bell), coordinates rapid, fine motor movements
69
What does the reticular formation do?
selective attention
70
What does the cortex do?
thin layer covering the brain
71
What parts of the brain are in the limbic system?
hypothalamus, thalamus, amygdala, hippocampus
72
What does the limbic system do?
learning, emotion, memory, motivation
73
What is another name for the limbic system?
old brain or primitive brain
74
What does the thalamus do?
like a train station, relays sensory information from the lower part of the brain to the proper part of the cortex
75
What does the hypothalamus do?
Motivational behavior such as sleep, hunger, thirst, and sex
76
What does the hippocampus do?
long-term memories, storage of memory for the location of objects
77
What does the amygdala do?
fear responses/memory of fear, involved in specific memories, kicks in when we have a fearful memory or fear response
78
What is the corpus callosum?
thick bands of neurons that connects the left and right side of the brain
79
What is the disease caused by issues with the corpus callosum?
epilepsy and callosum
80
What does the occipital lobe do?
processes visual info from eyes; identifies/makes sense of visual information
81
What lobe is perception and what lobe is sensation?
perception is frontal and sensation is occipital
82
What does the parietal lobe do?
centers for touch, taste, and temperature sensations
83
What experiments are associated with the parietal lobe?
genie and the wild child
84
What does the temporal lobe do?
Responsible for hearing and meaningful speech
85
What disease is associated with the temporal lobe?
Wernicke’s aphasia
86
What does the frontal lobe do?
Higher mental processes, decision making, production of fluent speech
87
What disease is associated with the frontal lobe?
Broca's aphasia
88
What hemisphere is for language?
left
89
What hemisphere is for emotions and facial recognition?
right

Psychology (3 decks)

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