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Psychology > Chapter 1 - Psychology > Flashcards

Chapter 1 - Psychology Flashcards

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1
Q

Psychology

A

The scientific study of behavior and mental processes

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2
Q

Biopsychology

A

Biological bases of behavior that involves neuroscience

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3
Q

Biopsychologist

A

look for a medical cause for a mental disorder

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4
Q

Cognitive psychology

A

study of thoughts and awareness via the mental process

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5
Q

Developmental/human development psychology

A

study of a lifespan (womb to tomb) that involves physical, cognitive, and psychosocial areas

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6
Q

Personality psychology

A

study in unique patterns of behavior over time to see if they are a stable or unstable part of your personality on basis of nature vs nurture

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7
Q

Health psychology

A

study the link between psychological factors and physical health (aka stress leads to hair loss)

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8
Q

Clinical psychology

A

Diagnosis and treatment of psychological disorders with the help of the DSM

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9
Q

Social Psychology

A

study how people are affected by others; social interaction whether it be real, implied, or imaginary people

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10
Q

Cross-cultural psychology

A

social psychology across cultures and ethnic groups

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11
Q

Evolutionary psychology

A

Influence of our genetic heritage on our behavior based on Darwinism

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12
Q

In the early years, scientists would perform a specific procedure on the brain called what?

A

trephining

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13
Q

What is trephining?

A

trephining is making a hole in the skull to let the brain bleed out for the purpose of getting rid of demons

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14
Q

Most of the time, what did trephining lead to?

A

death because it was so dangerous

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15
Q

What did Rene Descartes state?

A

Rene Descartes states that there were evil spirits that possess your “hollow tubes” and that there was a link between the body and the mind

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16
Q

What is phrenology (not a science)?

A

the study of the shape and size of your skull that indicated character and mental abilities

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17
Q

When was structuralism discovered?

A

1879

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18
Q

Who discovered structuralism?

A

William Wundt

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19
Q

What did structuralism state?

A

the mind was broken down into individual elements that did not work together so that it could format perception

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20
Q

What profession did William Wundt have?

A

he was a psychologist and a physician

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21
Q

What technique did William Wundt use on his patients during his research?

A

introspection and looking at pictures

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22
Q

What is introspection?

A

the examination or observation of one’s own mental and emotional processes

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23
Q

Who developed the first psychology lab?

A

William Wundt

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24
Q

What happens if you introspect too much?

A

you can get depressed because of overthinking

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25
Q

When was functionalism discovered?

A

1895

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26
Q

Who discovered functionalism?

A

William James

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27
Q

What is functionalism?

A

the idea that all parts of the brain work together for survival and the thoughts can’t be contained, more so they are a “stream of consciousness”

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28
Q

What technique did Freud use in his study?

A

free association

29
Q

What is free association?

A

talking about something and saying whatever came to your mind

30
Q

What is the problem with doing the stream of consciousness/functionalism?

A

the problem is that you can get too aware, some things are too private, altering your thoughts

31
Q

What is gestalt psychology?

A

the parts are different than their sum

32
Q

What did gestalt psychology assume?

A

that people saw things as a whole

33
Q

Who discovered psychoanalysis?

A

Sigmund Freud

34
Q

What was Sigmund Freud’s profession?

A

neurologist

35
Q

What was Sigmund Freud interested in?

A

psychosexual development

36
Q

What did Sigmund Freud observe in his patients?

A

they were getting nervous disorders without any apparent physical cause

37
Q

What did Sigmund Freud say about the unconscious part of the mind?

A

it repressed the threatening urges and desires since we may do things without thinking stem from the old brain (hypothalamus)

38
Q

What does psychoanalysis focus on?

A

your unconsciousness

39
Q

Who discovered behaviorism?

A

John B. Watson

40
Q

What does behaviorism state?

A

phobias are learned and we aren’t born with them

41
Q

What was the famous experiment associated with behaviorism?

A

the Little Albert Experiment

42
Q

What happened in the Little Albert Experiment?

A

He would sound a loud startling gong sound and present the creature to little albert–toddler became fearful whenever he heard the gong sound→ was be able to learn phobias through behavior

43
Q

What did Ivan Pavlov state?

A

you can condition someone to behave a certain way or condition something out of them with the concept of reinforcement

44
Q

What experiment is associated with conditioning?

A

the Dog and Bell experiment

45
Q

What happened in the Dog and Bell experiment?

A

behavior can then theoretically can be UNLEARNED
study salvation in dogs —> digestion and noticed every time he went to feed the dogs he would ring the bell → dogs would start to salivate to the sound of the bell

46
Q

What are today’s perspectives?

A

humanistic, neuroscience, psychodynamic, cognitive, behavioral

47
Q

What is the humanistic perspective?

A

that we have free will as long as no harm is done to others and that everything is good (unconditional positive regard)

48
Q

What is the neuroscience perspective?

A

Biological bases of behavior - subfields: biopsychology, developmental psychology

49
Q

What is the psychodynamic perspective?

A

Inner, unconscious forces

-looks at conflict; clinical psychological adopt this perspective

50
Q

What is the cognitive perspective?

A

Higher mental processes (thinking, reasoning)

cognitive psych, social psych, developmental psych, clinical

51
Q

What is the behavioral perspective?

A

Environment and observable events - all behavior is learned

52
Q

What is a perspective?

A

approach that you take to researching and understanding psychology→ used more than once in pairing with subfields

53
Q

What are the three steps to research in psychology?

A

question, literature, hypothesis

54
Q

How can you measure variables?

A

self-report surveys and observation

55
Q

What are the problems with self-report surveys?

A

Wording of questions - go into study being objective and without bias
Socially acceptable responses
relying on memories

56
Q

What is the problem with measuring variables with observations?

A

even though there are more people watching, the Public may = unnatural behavior - adhere to social norms

57
Q

What is an implicit measure?

A

Assesses attitudes that participants are not aware of having (getting around observation and surveying)
Reaction time
Implicit (not outwardly said, but understood) Association Test (IAT) 🡪 measures extent to which 2 concepts are associated

58
Q

What did Wil Cunningham & Uli Schimmack do?

A

measured reaction time and how closely related two variables were with one another

59
Q

What is correlational research?

A

measures direction and strength of relationship

60
Q

Is correlation causation?

A

NO

61
Q

Does the correlational research manipulate variables?

A

no

62
Q

What’s a positive correlation?

A

both variables going in same direction

63
Q

What is a negative correlation?

A

both variables going in the opposite direction

64
Q

What are experiments?

A

look for cause and effect

65
Q

What is the independent variable?

A

the variable getting manipulated

66
Q

What is the dependent variable?

A

the variable getting measured

67
Q

What is random sampling?

A

everyone in population has = chance of being in study

68
Q

What is random assignment?

A

everyone in the study has an equal opportunity to have a change of assignment to a condition

69
Q

What is evolutionary psychology based on?

A

Darwinism

Psychology (3 decks)

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