Chapter 1 - Psychology

Question 1

Psychology

Answer 1

The scientific study of behavior and mental processes

Question 2

Biopsychology

Answer 2

Biological bases of behavior that involves neuroscience

Question 3

Biopsychologist

Answer 3

look for a medical cause for a mental disorder

Question 4

Cognitive psychology

Answer 4

study of thoughts and awareness via the mental process

Question 5

Developmental/human development psychology

Answer 5

study of a lifespan (womb to tomb) that involves physical, cognitive, and psychosocial areas

Question 6

Personality psychology

Answer 6

study in unique patterns of behavior over time to see if they are a stable or unstable part of your personality on basis of nature vs nurture

Question 7

Health psychology

Answer 7

study the link between psychological factors and physical health (aka stress leads to hair loss)

Question 8

Clinical psychology

Answer 8

Diagnosis and treatment of psychological disorders with the help of the DSM

Question 9

Social Psychology

Answer 9

study how people are affected by others; social interaction whether it be real, implied, or imaginary people

Question 10

Cross-cultural psychology

Answer 10

social psychology across cultures and ethnic groups

Question 11

Evolutionary psychology

Answer 11

Influence of our genetic heritage on our behavior based on Darwinism

Question 12

In the early years, scientists would perform a specific procedure on the brain called what?

Answer 12

trephining

Question 13

What is trephining?

Answer 13

trephining is making a hole in the skull to let the brain bleed out for the purpose of getting rid of demons

Question 14

Most of the time, what did trephining lead to?

Answer 14

death because it was so dangerous

Question 15

What did Rene Descartes state?

Answer 15

Rene Descartes states that there were evil spirits that possess your “hollow tubes” and that there was a link between the body and the mind

Question 16

What is phrenology (not a science)?

Answer 16

the study of the shape and size of your skull that indicated character and mental abilities

Question 17

When was structuralism discovered?

Answer 17

1879

Question 18

Who discovered structuralism?

Answer 18

William Wundt

Question 19

What did structuralism state?

Answer 19

the mind was broken down into individual elements that did not work together so that it could format perception

Question 20

What profession did William Wundt have?

Answer 20

he was a psychologist and a physician

Question 21

What technique did William Wundt use on his patients during his research?

Answer 21

introspection and looking at pictures

Question 22

What is introspection?

Answer 22

the examination or observation of one’s own mental and emotional processes

Question 23

Who developed the first psychology lab?

Answer 23

William Wundt

Question 24

What happens if you introspect too much?

Answer 24

you can get depressed because of overthinking

Question 25

When was functionalism discovered?

Answer 25

1895

Question 26

Who discovered functionalism?

Answer 26

William James

Question 27

What is functionalism?

Answer 27

the idea that all parts of the brain work together for survival and the thoughts can't be contained, more so they are a "stream of consciousness"

Question 28

What technique did Freud use in his study?

Answer 28

free association

Question 29

What is free association?

Answer 29

talking about something and saying whatever came to your mind

Question 30

What is the problem with doing the stream of consciousness/functionalism?

Answer 30

the problem is that you can get too aware, some things are too private, altering your thoughts

Question 31

What is gestalt psychology?

Answer 31

the parts are different than their sum

Question 32

What did gestalt psychology assume?

Answer 32

that people saw things as a whole

Question 33

Who discovered psychoanalysis?

Answer 33

Sigmund Freud

Question 34

What was Sigmund Freud's profession?

Answer 34

neurologist

Question 35

What was Sigmund Freud interested in?

Answer 35

psychosexual development

Question 36

What did Sigmund Freud observe in his patients?

Answer 36

they were getting nervous disorders without any apparent physical cause

Question 37

What did Sigmund Freud say about the unconscious part of the mind?

Answer 37

it repressed the threatening urges and desires since we may do things without thinking stem from the old brain (hypothalamus)

Question 38

What does psychoanalysis focus on?

Answer 38

your unconsciousness

Question 39

Who discovered behaviorism?

Answer 39

John B. Watson

Question 40

What does behaviorism state?

Answer 40

phobias are learned and we aren't born with them

Question 41

What was the famous experiment associated with behaviorism?

Answer 41

the Little Albert Experiment

Question 42

What happened in the Little Albert Experiment?

Answer 42

He would sound a loud startling gong sound and present the creature to little albert–toddler became fearful whenever he heard the gong sound→ was be able to learn phobias through behavior

Question 43

What did Ivan Pavlov state?

Answer 43

you can condition someone to behave a certain way or condition something out of them with the concept of reinforcement

Question 44

What experiment is associated with conditioning?

Answer 44

the Dog and Bell experiment

Question 45

What happened in the Dog and Bell experiment?

Answer 45

behavior can then theoretically can be UNLEARNED study salvation in dogs —> digestion and noticed every time he went to feed the dogs he would ring the bell → dogs would start to salivate to the sound of the bell

Question 46

What are today's perspectives?

Answer 46

humanistic, neuroscience, psychodynamic, cognitive, behavioral

Question 47

What is the humanistic perspective?

Answer 47

that we have free will as long as no harm is done to others and that everything is good (unconditional positive regard)

Question 48

What is the neuroscience perspective?

Answer 48

Biological bases of behavior - subfields: biopsychology, developmental psychology

Question 49

What is the psychodynamic perspective?

Answer 49

Inner, unconscious forces | -looks at conflict; clinical psychological adopt this perspective

Question 50

What is the cognitive perspective?

Answer 50

Higher mental processes (thinking, reasoning) cognitive psych, social psych, developmental psych, clinical

Question 51

What is the behavioral perspective?

Answer 51

Environment and observable events - all behavior is learned

Question 52

What is a perspective?

Answer 52

approach that you take to researching and understanding psychology→ used more than once in pairing with subfields

Question 53

What are the three steps to research in psychology?

Answer 53

question, literature, hypothesis

Question 54

How can you measure variables?

Answer 54

self-report surveys and observation

Question 55

What are the problems with self-report surveys?

Answer 55

Wording of questions - go into study being objective and without bias Socially acceptable responses relying on memories

Question 56

What is the problem with measuring variables with observations?

Answer 56

even though there are more people watching, the Public may = unnatural behavior - adhere to social norms

Question 57

What is an implicit measure?

Answer 57

Assesses attitudes that participants are not aware of having (getting around observation and surveying) Reaction time Implicit (not outwardly said, but understood) Association Test (IAT) 🡪 measures extent to which 2 concepts are associated

Question 58

What did Wil Cunningham & Uli Schimmack do?

Answer 58

measured reaction time and how closely related two variables were with one another

Question 59

What is correlational research?

Answer 59

measures direction and strength of relationship

Question 60

Is correlation causation?

Answer 60

NO

Question 61

Does the correlational research manipulate variables?

Answer 61

no

Question 62

What's a positive correlation?

Answer 62

both variables going in same direction

Question 63

What is a negative correlation?

Answer 63

both variables going in the opposite direction

Question 64

What are experiments?

Answer 64

look for cause and effect

Question 65

What is the independent variable?

Answer 65

the variable getting manipulated

Question 66

What is the dependent variable?

Answer 66

the variable getting measured

Question 67

What is random sampling?

Answer 67

everyone in population has = chance of being in study

Question 68

What is random assignment?

Answer 68

everyone in the study has an equal opportunity to have a change of assignment to a condition

Question 69

What is evolutionary psychology based on?

Answer 69

Darwinism